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arXiv 0802.0151astro-ph
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Boxy/peanut和discy凸起:形成、演化和性质

Boxy/peanut and discy bulges : formation, evolution and properties

E. Athanassoula

摘要:

“凸起”类包含具有非常不同的形成和演化路径以及非常不同的性质的物体。我回顾了两种类型的“凸起”,四四方方/花生凸起(B/Ps)和圆盘凸起。前者是从侧面看的沙条的一部分,起源于盘的垂直不稳定性,其范围比沙条稍短。它们的恒星星族与形成它们的圆盘的内部相似。盘状凸起具有盘状轮廓,即,从正面看,它们是圆形或椭圆形的,从侧面看,它们是薄的。它们的范围比方形/花生状凸起的范围小5倍。它们是由主要是气态物质流入星系中心和随后的恒星形成的。因此,它们含有大量的年轻恒星和气体。在同一个星系中,不同类型的凸起经常共存。我回顾了这两种类型的凸起的主要已知结果,并提出了新的模拟结果。通过垂直屈曲,在杆之后形成约1Gyr的B/Ps。此时,棒强度降低,其内部变厚-形成花生状或盒状-并且比率$σ_z^2/σ_r^2$增加。第二个屈曲事件被认为是在模拟与强大的酒吧,也伴随着增厚的花生和削弱的酒吧。B/Ps的属性与酒吧的属性密切相关:更强的酒吧有更强的花生,更平顶的垂直密度分布,并经历了更多的屈曲。我还提出了模拟盘星系形成,其中包括一个盘状隆起的形成。他们的径向密度分布分解成一个指数盘和Sersic凸起给出了现实的价值观的光盘和凸起的尺度长度和质量比,和Sersic形状指数的顺序为1。

英文摘要:

The class `bulges' contains objects with very different formation and evolution paths and very different properties. I review two types of `bulges', the boxy/peanut bulges (B/Ps) and the discy bulges. The former are parts of bars seen edge-on, have their origin in vertical instabilities of the disc and are somewhat shorter in extent than bars. Their stellar population is similar to that of the inner part of the disc from which they formed. Discy bulges have a disc-like outline, i.e., seen face-on they are circular or oval and seen edge-on they are thin. Their extent is of the order of 5 times smaller than that of the boxy/peanut bulges. They form from the inflow of mainly gaseous material to the centre of the galaxy and from subsequent star formation. They thus contain a lot of young stars and gas. Bulges of different types often coexist in the same galaxy. I review the main known results on these two types of bulges and present new simulation results. B/Ps form about 1Gyr after the bar, via a vertical buckling. At that time the bar strength decreases, its inner part becomes thicker -- forming the peanut or boxy shape -- and the ratio $σ_z^2/σ_r^2$ increases. A second buckling episode is seen in simulations with strong bars, also accompanied by a thickening of the peanut and a weakening of the bar. The properties of the B/Ps correlate strongly with those of the bar: stronger bars have stronger peanuts, a more flat-topped vertical density distribution and have experienced more bucklings. I also present simulations of disc galaxy formation, which include the formation of a discy bulge. Decomposition of their radial density profile into an exponential disc and a Sersic bulge gives realistic values for the disc and bulge scale-lengths and mass ratios, and a Sersic shape index of the order of 1.

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