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arXiv 0801.1032astro-ph
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流体动力学模拟研究ICM的热力学性质

Thermodynamical properties of the ICM from hydrodynamical simulations

S. Borgani, A. Diaferio, K. Dolag, S. Schindler

摘要:

现代流体动力学模拟提供了一种强有力的手段来追踪星系团在宇宙学历史中星系团内介质(ICM)的X射线性质的演化。在本文中,我们回顾了这些模拟的现状,以及它们的预测如何再现最近的X射线观测的集群。在简要讨论了自相似模型的缺点之后,基于假设引力只驱动ICM的演化,我们讨论了气体冷却和非引力加热的过程如何使模型预测与观测数据更好地吻合。然后,我们提出的流体动力学模拟的结果,由不同的团体,以及它们如何与观测数据进行比较。作为比较,我们使用质量,光度,温度和压力之间的X射线标度关系,以及温度和熵的轮廓。比较的结果可以概括如下:(a)包括气体冷却、恒星形成和超新星反馈在内的模拟一般都能成功地再现ICM核心区域以外的X射线特性;(b)模拟通常不能再现观察到的“冷核”结构,因为它们在调节过冷方面有严重的困难,从而产生陡峭的负中心温度分布。这种差异要求引入其他物理过程,例如来自活动星系核的能量反馈,这应该补偿高密度、低熵和冷却时间短的气体的辐射损失,据观察,这些气体位于星系团的最内部区域。

英文摘要:

Modern hydrodynamical simulations offer nowadays a powerful means to trace the evolution of the X-ray properties of the intra-cluster medium (ICM) during the cosmological history of the hierarchical build up of galaxy clusters. In this paper we review the current status of these simulations and how their predictions fare in reproducing the most recent X-ray observations of clusters. After briefly discussing the shortcomings of the self-similar model, based on assuming that gravity only drives the evolution of the ICM, we discuss how the processes of gas cooling and non-gravitational heating are expected to bring model predictions into better agreement with observational data. We then present results from the hydrodynamical simulations, performed by different groups, and how they compare with observational data. As terms of comparison, we use X-ray scaling relations between mass, luminosity, temperature and pressure, as well as the profiles of temperature and entropy. The results of this comparison can be summarised as follows: (a) simulations, which include gas cooling, star formation and supernova feedback, are generally successful in reproducing the X-ray properties of the ICM outside the core regions; (b) simulations generally fail in reproducing the observed ``cool core'' structure, in that they have serious difficulties in regulating overcooling, thereby producing steep negative central temperature profiles. This discrepancy calls for the need of introducing other physical processes, such as energy feedback from active galactic nuclei, which should compensate the radiative losses of the gas with high density, low entropy and short cooling time, which is observed to reside in the innermost regions of galaxy clusters.

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