利用6SNe的极早期光谱模型,研究了正常Ia型超新星(SNe Ia)最高速度喷出物的性质。在最大值出现前一周,快速演化的Si II 6355线速度(HVG)的SNe比缓慢演化的Si II 6355线速度(LVG)的SNe有更大的光球速度。由于这两个星系团的光度相当,因此在LVG SNe中光球层的温度较高。这解释了HVG和LVG SNe的不同整体光谱外观。然而,在最高速度(v>~20,000 km/s)时Ca II和Si II的变化表明,其他因素,如非球面性或祖先白矮星的不同丰度,影响了最外层。C Ⅱ 6578线在3个LVG SNe中被边缘检测到,表明LVG经历较不强烈的燃烧。碳的质量分数很小,在光球附近仅小于0.01,因此未燃烧的C的质量仅<~0.01 Msun。在LVG和HVG SNe中都检测到放射性56 Ni和稳定Fe。外层不同的Fe族丰度可能是Ia超新星最早期光谱差异的原因之一。Ia型超新星在最早期阶段的多样性也可能表明光变曲线的宽度-光度关系存在内在的分散性。
英文摘要:
The properties of the highest velocity ejecta of normal Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) are studied via models of very early optical spectra of 6 SNe. At epochs earlier than 1 week before maximum, SNe with a rapidly evolving Si II 6355 line velocity (HVG) have a larger photospheric velocity than SNe with a slowly evolving Si II 6355 line velocity (LVG). Since the two groups have comparable luminosities, the temperature at the photosphere is higher in LVG SNe. This explains the different overall spectral appearance of HVG and LVG SNe. However, the variation of the Ca II and Si II absorptions at the highest velocities (v >~ 20,000 km/s) suggests that additional factors, such as asphericity or different abundances in the progenitor white dwarf, affect the outermost layers. The C II 6578 line is marginally detected in 3 LVG SNe, suggesting that LVG undergo less intense burning. The carbon mass fraction is small, only less than 0.01 near the photosphere, so that he mass of unburned C is only <~ 0.01 Msun. Radioactive 56Ni and stable Fe are detected in both LVG and HVG SNe. Different Fe-group abundances in the outer layers may be one of the reasons for spectral diversity among SNe Ia at the earliest times. The diversity among SNe Ia at the earliest phases could also indicate an intrinsic dispersion in the width-luminosity relation of the light curve.
Clump Development by the Nickel Bubble Effect in Supernovae
我们使用一维辐射输运辐射流体动力学(RHD)模拟来研究由于Ni 56-> Co 56-> Fe 56衰变序列的放射性加热而在自由膨胀的超新星喷出物中形成聚集。加热引起膨胀的镍泡,其引起向前冲击,将外部环境气体压缩成壳。沉积的放射性辐射能量泄漏出整个冲击辐射扩散,我们研究其对喷出物结构的演变的影响。与γ =4/3的流体动力学绝热近似相比,辐射流出使震前气体加速。这样激波就减弱了,壳层变得更宽,密度也降低了。壳层厚度约占气泡半径的4%,壳层结构可用自相似解近似描述。我们比较了壳组件的属性与我们以前的流体动力学模拟表明,后来的相互作用的团块与外部超新星遗迹的喷出物团块。壳层的高密度对比度(chi ~ 100)与第谷结的喷出物团块相一致,但没有足够的致密气体在核心坍缩超新星遗迹的轮廓上造成明显的突起,就像船帆座遗迹中的子弹一样。
Based on the ``cannonball model'' for gamma-ray bursts of Dar and De Rujula it is proposed that masses of baryonic plasma (``cannonballs''), ejected in bipolar supernova explosions in our Galaxy are the sources of hadronic Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) at all energies. The propagation of the cannonballs in the Galactic disk and halo is studied. Two mechanisms for the acceleration of the observed CRs are proposed. The first is based on ultrarelativistic shocks in the interstellar medium and could accelerate the bulk of CRs up to the ``knee'' energy of 4 x 10(15) eV. The second operates with second…