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arXiv 0711.2015astro-ph
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近地行星系统中行星形成模型的可观测结果

Observable Consequences of Planet Formation Models in Systems with Close-in Terrestrial Planets

Sean N. Raymond, Rory Barnes, Avi M. Mandell

摘要:

到目前为止,已经发现了两个行星系统,其中有接近地球质量的行星(< 5-10个地球质量)。预计在未来几年,通过径向速度和凌日搜索,将发现更多这样的发现。在这里,我们研究了可能形成“热地球”的不同机制及其可观测的预测。模型包括:1)原地加积; 2)在较大的轨道距离上形成,然后向内迁移,形成“第1型”:3)物质被迁移的气体巨行星向内“引导”形成,4)物质在原行星盘消散过程中被移动的长期共振引导形成,5)近日点距离较近的偏心类地行星的潮汐循环;(6)近距离巨行星的光蒸发质量损失。模型1-4已在先前的工作中得到验证。我们发现,潮汐循环可以形成热地球,但只有相对大质量的行星(> 5个地球质量)与非常接近的近日点距离(< 0.025 AU),即使这样,轨道距离的净向内运动最多只有0.1-0.15 AU。对于小于70个地球质量的行星,光蒸发可以去除行星的外壳,并在Gyr时标上留下固体核心,但仅限于0.025-0.05 AU内的行星。使用当前和即将到来的任务可观察到的两个量,我们表明这些模型每个都产生独特的签名,并且可以通过观察来区分。这些观测数据是行星系统的结构(可通过径向速度、凌日和凌日时间来检测)和凌日近距离类地行星的整体组成(通过行星半径的凌日来测量)。

英文摘要:

To date, two planetary systems have been discovered with close-in, terrestrial-mass planets (< 5-10 Earth masses). Many more such discoveries are anticipated in the coming years with radial velocity and transit searches. Here we investigate the different mechanisms that could form "hot Earths" and their observable predictions. Models include: 1) in situ accretion; 2) formation at larger orbital distance followed by inward "type 1" migration; 3) formation from material being "shepherded" inward by a migrating gas giant planet; 4) formation from material being shepherded by moving secular resonances during dispersal of the protoplanetary disk; 5) tidal circularization of eccentric terrestrial planets with close-in perihelion distances; and 6) photo-evaporative mass loss of a close-in giant planet. Models 1-4 have been validated in previous work. We show that tidal circularization can form hot Earths, but only for relatively massive planets (> 5 Earth masses) with very close-in perihelion distances (< 0.025 AU), and even then the net inward movement in orbital distance is at most only 0.1-0.15 AU. For planets of less than about 70 Earth masses, photo-evaporation can remove the planet's envelope and leave behind the solid core on a Gyr timescale, but only for planets inside 0.025-0.05 AU. Using two quantities that are observable by current and upcoming missions, we show that these models each produce unique signatures, and can be observationally distinguished. These observables are the planetary system architecture (detectable with radial velocities, transits and transit-timing) and the bulk composition of transiting close-in terrestrial planets (measured by transits via the planet's radius).

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