In this article I present a protocol for quantum cryptography which is secure against attacks on individual signals. It is based on the Bennett-Brassard protocol of 1984 (BB84). The security proof is complete as far as the use of single photons as signal states is concerned. Emphasis is given to the practicability of the resulting protocol. For each run of the quantum key distribution the security statement gives the probability of a successful key generation and the probability for an eavesdropper's knowledge, measured as change in Shannon entropy, to be below a specified maximal value.
Security flaw of counterfactual quantum cryptography in practical setting
最近,T. G. Noh [Phys. Rev. Lett. 103,230501(2009)]成为量子密码学中一个有趣的方向,并已被一些研究人员(如Y. Liu等人的[Phys.Rev.Lett. 109,030501(2012)])。然而,我们发现,它是不安全的,在实际的高损耗信道设置。分析了在有耗信道中极化分裂测量攻击下的密钥速率。分析表明,当单向信道的丢失率超过$50%$时,协议是不安全的。
We study a general family of quantum protocols for position verification and present a new class of attacks based on the Clifford hierarchy. These attacks outperform current strategies based on port-based teleportation for a large class of practical protocols. We then introduce the Interleaved Product protocol, a new scheme for position verification involving only the preparation and measurement of single-qubit states for which the best available attacks have a complexity exponential in the number of classical bits transmitted.
The phenomenon of quantum erasure has long intrigued physicists, but has surprisingly found limited practical application. Here, we propose an erasure-based protocol for quantum key distribution (QKD) that promises inherent security against detector attacks.
We propose an alternative quantum cryptography protocol using the quantum interference effect. The efficiency of creating sifted key can reach 100\% in principle, which is higher than previous protocols. Especially, compared with the typical quantum key distribution, the present scheme does not require the authorized parties to check their bases. Because the potential eavesdropper can only access part of the quantum system, the proposed scheme has natural practical security advantages. The scheme can be implemented with current technologies and opens promising possibilities for quantum cryptog…
Over decades quantum cryptography has been intensively studied for unconditionally secured data transmission in a quantum regime. Due to the quantum loopholes caused by imperfect single photon detectors and/or lossy quantum channels, however, the quantum cryptography is practically inefficient and even vulnerable to eavesdropping. Here, a method of unconditionally secured key distribution potentially compatible with current fiber-optic communications networks is proposed in a classical regime for high-speed optical backbone networks. The unconditional security is due to the quantum superpositi…
Uniquely among the sciences, quantum cryptography has driven both foundational research as well as practical real-life applications. We review the progress of quantum cryptography in the last decade, covering quantum key distribution and other applications.
A recurring problem in quantum mechanics is to estimate either the state of a quantum system or the measurement operator applied to it. If we wish to estimate both, then the difficulty is that the state and the measurement always appear together: to estimate the state, we must use a measurement; to estimate the measurement operator, we must use a state. The data of such quantum estimation experiments come in the form of measurement frequencies. Ideally, the measured average frequencies can be attributed to an average state and an average measurement operator. If this is not the case, we have c…
Security proof of Counterfactual Quantum Cryptography against General Intercept-resend Attacks and Its Vulnerability
Noh最近提出的反事实量子密码(CQC)具有不传输信号粒子的特点。这表现出明显的安全优势,如它的免疫力众所周知的PNS攻击。本文通过对窃听者Eve的信息进行比Yin的方案更严格的限制,证明了CQC协议在一般拦截重发攻击下的理论安全性[Phys. Rev. A 82,042335(2010)].它还表明,实际的CQC实现可能是脆弱的,当配备有不完美的设备,通过证明,可以实现负的密钥速率时,夏娃发起时移攻击的基础上不完美的检测器效率。
Quantum cryptography is information-theoretically secure owing to its solid basis in quantum mechanics. However, generally, initial implementations with practical imperfections might open loopholes, allowing an eavesdropper to compromise the security of a quantum cryptographic system. This has been shown to happen for quantum key distribution (QKD). Here we apply experience from implementation security of QKD to several other quantum cryptographic primitives. We survey quantum digital signatures, quantum secret sharing, source-independent quantum random number generation, quantum secure direct…
Reliable Entropy Estimation from Observed Statistics for Device-Independent Quantum Cryptography
Institute for Quantum Information, RWTH Aachen University(亚琛工业大学量子信息研究所);Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leibniz Universität Hannover(汉诺威莱布尼茨大学理论物理研究所)
Quantum cryptography visualized: assessing visual attention on multiple representations with eye tracking in an AR-enhanced quantum cryptography student experiment
Security in quantum cryptography is continuously challenged by inventive attacks targeting the real components of a cryptographic setup, and duly restored by new counter-measures to foil them. Due to their high sensitivity and complex design, detectors are the most frequently attacked components. Recently it was shown that two-photon interference from independent light sources can be exploited to avoid the use of detectors at the two ends of the communication channel. This new form of detection-safe quantum cryptography, called Measurement-Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution (MDI-QKD),…
Mistrustful cryptography includes important tasks like bit commitment, oblivious transfer, coin flipping, secure computations, position authentication, digital signatures and secure unforgeable tokens. Practical quantum implementations presently use photonic setups. In many such implementations, Alice sends photon pulses encoding quantum states and Bob chooses measurements on these states. In practice, Bob generally uses single photon threshold detectors, which cannot distinguish the number of photons in detected pulses. Also, losses and other imperfections require Bob to report the detected p…
Quantum communication is an important application that derives from the burgeoning field of quantum information and quantum computation. Focusing on secure communication, quantum cryptography has two major directions of development, namely quantum key distribution and quantum encryption. In this work we propose a quantum encryption protocol that utilizes a quantum algorithm to create blocks of ciphertexts based on quantum states. The main feature of our quantum encryption protocol is that the encryption configuration of each block is determined by the previous blocks, such that additional secu…