Practical Realization of the Quantum Cryptography Protocol Exploiting Polarization Encoding in the Qutrits
G. A. Maslennikov, A. A. Zhukov, M. V. Chekhova, S. P. Kulik
我们提出并讨论了一个具体的方案，允许实现量子密码qutrit协议。该协议利用了单频和单空间模式双光子的偏振特性。
We propose and discuss a specific scheme allowing to realize a Quantum Cryptography qutrit protocol. This protocol exploits the polarization properties of single frequency and single spatial mode biphotons.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
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Experimental Quantum Cryptography with Qutrits
我们首次利用纠缠的三进制量子系统（qutrits）实现了量子密钥分发。与通常使用的二进制量子系统相比，量子比特的优点是增加了编码密度和更高的安全裕度。量子数被编码成光子的轨道角动量，即分别具有方位角指数l +1、0和-1的Laguerre-Gaussian模。用相位全息图控制轨道角动量。在Ekert型协议中，三维贝尔不等式的违反验证了生成的密钥的安全性。以约10%的qutrit错误率获得密钥。
Quantum Cryptography Based On Bell Inequalities for Three-Dimensional System
我们提出了一个基于纠缠quutrit对的密码学协议。我们分析了该计划下的对称非相干攻击和绘图的区域，该协议是安全的，并比较这与区域的某些贝尔不等式的违规行为。
Security of Quantum Key Distribution with Entangled Qutrits
量子密码学和量子非局域性的研究传统上是基于二能级量子系统（量子比特）。在本文中，我们考虑一个推广的埃克特的加密协议[埃克特]量子比特取代qutrits。该协议的安全性与非局部性有关，类似于Ekert协议。为了研究其鲁棒性对最佳的个人攻击，我们得出的信息，潜在的窃听者应用克隆为基础的攻击。
Operationalistic Orthogonality Condition for Single-Mode Biphotons (Qutrits)
研究了单模双光子的任意偏振态。给出了这些态正交性的可操作性判据。它可以从一组正交于它的双光子中分离出一个具有任意偏振度的双光子，这是实现基于三能级系统的量子密码协议所必需的。对这一判据的实验检验相当于观察到了任意偏振态双光子的双光子相干效应。
A heralded two-qutrit entangled state
我们提出了一个利用偏振光子构造二量子纠缠态的方案。提出了一种利用两个贝尔对和理想阈值探测器建立最大纠缠二量子态的光路。几种方案进行了讨论，以构建两个贝尔对。我们还展示了如何可以产生一个不平衡的两个quutrit状态，可以在一些协议中的通用用途。在量子最大纠缠态的应用方面，我们主要研究了在线性光学元件和光子计数测量的限制下，如何利用量子最大纠缠态证明Collins-Gisin-Linden-Massar-Popescu不等式的违反。其他可能的应用状态，如更高的维度量子密码学，隐形传态，并预示着两个量子态的产生也简要讨论。
In this paper, by exploiting the weak measurement and quantum measurement re- versal (WMQMR) procedure, we propose a scheme to show how one can protect the geometric quantum discord (GQD) of a two-qutrit V-type atomic system each of which interacts with a dissipative reservoir independently. We examine the scheme for the GQD of the initial two-qutrit Werner and Horodecki states for different classes of weak mea- surement strengthes. It is found out that the presented protocol enables us to suppress decoherence due to the amplitude damping (AD) channel and preserve the quantum dis- cord of the …
Implementation of qutrit-based quantum information processing via state-dependent forces on trapped ions
我们提出了一个通过囚禁离子的态依赖力实现qutrit系统量子逻辑和纠缠的方案。通过利用存在库仑相互作用的激光-离子耦合，推导出适用于普适量子操纵的一组量子门运算，包括两个量子位组上的条件相移以及单个量子位组上的任意SU（3）旋转。作为例子，我们详细演示了如何利用这些门资源来产生两个量子态的最大纠缠态。除了对捕获离子的振动加热不敏感之外，本方案还通过适当地设计激光-离子相互作用的脉冲配置而显示出可扩展性。
Exploiting the randomness of the measurement basis in quantum cryptography: Secure Quantum Key Growing without Privacy Amplification
我们认为Alice和Bob选择测量基的随机性为量子密码学提供了一个额外的重要资源。作为一个具体的应用，我们提出了一种新的量子密钥分发（QKD）协议，该协议通过在密钥筛选过程中对经典信道上发送的信息进行加密来增强BB84方案。我们表明，在长密钥的限制下，这个过程可以防止窃听者重现合法用户进行的筛选过程。窃听者无法筛选通过窃听量子信道收集的信息，这减少了窃听者可以从筛选的密钥上获得的信息量。我们进一步表明，所提出的协议是自我维持的，从而允许增长的秘密密钥。
Making use of coherence and entanglement as metrological quantum resources allows to improve the measurement precision from the shot-noise- or quantum limit to the Heisenberg limit. Quantum metrology then relies on the availability of quantum engineered systems that involve controllable quantum degrees of freedom which are sensitive to the measured quantity. Sensors operating in the qubit mode and exploiting their coherence in a phase-sensitive measurement have been shown to approach the Heisenberg scaling in precision. Here, we show that this result can be further improved by operating the qu…
This work illustrates a possible application of quantum game theory to the area of quantum information, in particular to quantum cryptography. The study proposed two quantum key-distribution (QKD) protocols based on the quantum version of the Monty Hall game devised by Flitney and Abbott. Unlike most QKD protocols, in which the bits from which the key is going to be extracted are encoded in a basis choice (as in BB84), these are encoded in an operation choice. The first proposed protocol uses qutrits to describe the state of the system and the same game operators proposed by Flitney and Abbott…
In this paper we investigate the quantum dynamics of two spin-1 systems, $\vec{\textbf{S}}_1$ and $\vec{\textbf{S}}_2$, adopting a generalized $(\vec{\textbf{S}}_1+\vec{\textbf{S}}_2)^2$-nonconserving Heisenberg model. We show that, due to its symmetry property, the nine-dimensional dynamics of the two qutrits exactly decouples into the direct sum of two sub-dynamics living in two orthogonal four- and five-dimensional subspaces. Such a reduction is further strengthened by our central result consisting in the fact that in the four-dimensional dynamically invariant subspace, the two qutrits quan…
Optimal dimensionality for quantum cryptography
我们执行的两个协议的比较，用于生成由d值符号组成的加密密钥：一个利用一串独立的量子位，另一个利用d级系统准备在属于d +1个相互无偏基地的状态。我们表明，基于量子比特的协议是最佳的量子密码，因为它提供了更高的安全性和更高的密钥生成速率。
Reconstruction of a quantum state is of prime importance for quantum-information science. Specifically, means of efficient determination of a state of atoms of room-temperature vapor may enable applications in quantum computations and cryptography. To step toward such applications, here we present a method of reconstruction of a collective density matrix of an atomic ensemble, consisting of atoms with an $F=1$ ground state. Such a long-lived state is often encountered in real systems (e.g., potassium, sodium, rubidium) and hence may be practically utilized. Our theoretical treatment enables de…
Efficient Implementation of a Single-Qutrit Gate Set via Coherent Control
利用SU(3)动力学，通过相干控制框架实现35纳秒高保真度单qutrit门，平均保真度99.5%，并展示可扩展至qudit算法的量子电路。
Demonstration of Discrete-Time Quantum Walks and Observation of Topological Edge States in a Superconducting Qutrit Chain
该研究利用超导三能级系统实现了可扩展的离散时间量子行走，并首次在超导平台上观测到拓扑边缘态。
Quantum error-correcting code for higher dimensional systems can, in general, be directly constructed from the codes for qubit systems. What remains unknown is whether there exist efficient code design techniques for higher dimensional systems. In this paper, we propose a 7-qutrit error-correcting code for the ternary quantum system and show that this design formulation has no equivalence in qubit systems. This code is optimum in the number of qutrits required to correct a single error while maintaining the CSS structure. This degenerate CSS code can (i) correct up to seven simultaneous phase …
Bell inequalities are an important tool in device-independent quantum information processing because their violation can serve as a certificate of relevant quantum properties. Probably the best known example of a Bell inequality is due to Clauser, Horne, Shimony and Holt (CHSH), which is defined in the simplest scenario involving two dichotomic measurements and whose all key properties are well understood. There have been many attempts to generalise the CHSH Bell inequality to higher-dimensional quantum systems, however, for most of them the maximal quantum violation---the key quantity for mos…
Quantum information science breaks limitations of conventional information transfer, cryptography and computation by using quantum superpositions or entanglement as resources for information processing. Here, we report on the experimental realization of three-party quantum communication protocols using single three-level quantum system (qutrit) communication: secret sharing, detectable Byzantine agreement, and communication complexity reduction for a three-valued function. We have implemented these three schemes using the same optical fiber interferometric setup. Our realization is easily scal…
Quantum Cryptography Beyond Quantum Key Distribution
本文面向不熟悉量子世界的密码学家，综述了理论量子密码学领域，重点探讨量子密钥分发之外的构造与局限性，涵盖量子货币、多方安全计算等应用及量子对手带来的挑战。
Finite key size analysis of two-way quantum cryptography
量子密码协议通常利用单向量子信道来解决将共享秘密串分发给两个相距遥远的用户的问题。然而，已经提出了利用双向量子信道的替代协议用于相同的目标并且具有潜在的优点。本文综述了利用熵不确定性关系对双向量子密钥分发协议抵抗最一般的窃听攻击的安全性证明。然后，通过诉诸的“平滑”版本的熵，我们扩展这样的证明有限的密钥大小的情况下。将结果与单向协议的结果进行比较，显示出一些优势。
Classical self-supervised networks suffer from convergence problems and reduced segmentation accuracy due to forceful termination. Qubits or bi-level quantum bits often describe quantum neural network models. In this article, a novel self-supervised shallow learning network model exploiting the sophisticated three-level qutrit-inspired quantum information system referred to as Quantum Fully Self-Supervised Neural Network (QFS-Net) is presented for automated segmentation of brain MR images. The QFS-Net model comprises a trinity of a layered structure of qutrits inter-connected through parametri…
Granting information privacy is of crucial importance in our society, notably in fiber communication networks. Quantum cryptography provides a unique means to establish, at remote locations, identical strings of genuine random bits, with a level of secrecy unattainable using classical resources. However, several constraints, such as non-optimized photon number statistics and resources, detectors' noise, and optical losses, currently limit the performances in terms of both achievable secret key rates and distances. Here, these issues are addressed using an approach that combines both fundamenta…
Security bound of two-bases quantum key-distribution protocols using qudits
我们研究了使用$d$级系统的量子密码协议的安全界。特别是，我们专注于计划，使用两个相互无偏基地，从而扩展了BB84量子密钥分发计划，以更高的维度。在一般相干攻击的假设下，我们得到了这种量子密码方案的最终安全上界的解析表达式。这个界限远低于最佳克隆机器的预测。讨论了超越纠缠蒸馏提取密钥的可能性。在qutrits的情况下，我们认为，任何窃听策略是一个对称的。对于更高的维度，这样的等价性一般不再有效。
Hierarchy of quantum correlations in qubit-qutrit axially symmetric states
研究揭示了双极子-三极子系统中量子相关性的层次结构，发现贝尔非局域性最脆弱，而MIN和UIN更稳健，适用于实际条件下的量子性检测。
Experimental Quantum Secret Sharing and Third-Man Quantum Cryptography
量子秘密共享（QSS）是一种将消息分成几个部分的协议，因此没有部分的子集足以读取消息，但整个集合足以读取消息。在该方案中，Alice、Bob和Charlie三方共享一个三光子纠缠态，Charlie通过对自己的光子进行适当的偏振测量并宣布自己选择的偏振基，迫使Alice和Bob合作建立密钥。类似地，在第三人量子密码学（TQC）中，第三人查理可以控制爱丽丝和鲍勃是否可以以安全的方式进行通信，而他对爱丽丝和鲍勃之间的通信内容没有任何访问权。虽然QSS和TQC对于先进的量子通信是必不可少的，但低强度的多光子纠缠源使其实现成为一个极端的实验挑战。在这里，利用高强度的四光子纠缠源，我们报告的QSS和TQC的实验实现。在实验中，使用一个简单的错误减少方案，获得了一个低量子比特错误率（QBER）0.35%的密钥。
Any quantum information system operates with entanglement as a resource, which should be deterministically generated by a joint measurement known as complete Bell state measurement (BSM). The determinism arises from a quantum nondemolition measurement of two coupled qubits with the help of readout ancilla, which inevitably requires extra physical qubits. We here demonstrate a deterministic and complete BSM with only a nitrogen atom in a nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond as a quantum memory without reliance on any carbon isotopes by exploiting electron nitrogen (14N) double qutrits at a z…
We consider two-way continuous-variable quantum key distribution, studying its security against general eavesdropping strategies. Assuming the asymptotic limit of many signals exchanged, we prove that two-way Gaussian protocols are immune to coherent attacks. More precisely we show the general superadditivity of the two-way security thresholds, which are proven to be higher than the corresponding one-way counterparts in all cases. We perform the security analysis first reducing the general eavesdropping to a two-mode coherent Gaussian attack, and then showing that the superadditivity is achiev…
Symmetric construction of reference-frame-free qudits
利用一种对称方案将$N$自旋为1/2的组分（物理量子比特）耦合到具有总角动量的态$N/2-1$，构造了$d=N-1$维的旋转不变逻辑量子.通过这种构造，可以对所有量子态进行编码，并实现所有量子测量。所有相关对象的旋转不变性使得人们能够传输量子信息，而无需在交换量子的各方之间对准参考系。我们说明的方法明确的参考系-免费的量子比特和qutrits的结构，量子比特的情况下，可能的实验实施意见。
Simulations of distributed-phase-reference quantum key distribution protocols
本文在ANSYS Interconnect平台上仿真了分布式相位参考量子密钥分发协议的实际实现，并评估了后闪光、木马及探测器致盲等窃听攻击。
On-chip semi-device-independent quantum random number generator exploiting contextuality
通过集成两个硅光子芯片实现基于KCBS上下文性不等式违背的半设备无关量子随机数发生器，利用单光子干涉的固有随机性生成随机数，并基于违背量认证条件最小熵为每轮0.077比特，生成速率21.7比特/秒。
Controlling the Photon Number Coherence of Solid-state Quantum Light Sources for Quantum Cryptography
研究针对量子密钥分发中光子数相干性（PNC）的安全性问题，利用量子点双光子激发结合激发脉冲，生成了具有可控PNC程度的高质量单光子，为量子网络安全通信提供了可行途径。
Entanglement of Orbital Angular Momentum States of Photons
到目前为止，纠缠的实验确认仅限于量子比特，即双态量子系统，包括最近实现的三量子比特和四量子比特纠缠。然而，越来越多的理论工作要求在更高维度的量子系统中实现纠缠。在这里，我们报告了利用光子的轨道角动量首次实现多维纠缠，光子是具有相位奇异性（甜甜圈模式）的电磁场状态。这些态的性质对于量子计算和量子通信领域的研究具有重要意义。例如，具有更高字母的量子密码可以使人们能够增加通过通信信道的信息通量。
We report a scheme for generation of high-order vortex states using two-mode photon-number squeezed states, generated via the non-linear process of Spontaneous Parametric Down Conversion. By applying a parametric rotation in quadrature space $(X,Y)$, using a $ϕ$ converter, the Gaussian quadrature profile of the photon-number squeezed input state can be mapped into a superposition of Laguerre-Gauss modes with $N$ vortices or singularities, for an input state containing $N$ photons, thus mapping photon-number fluctuations to interference effects in quadrature space. Our scheme has the potential …
Attacks exploiting deviation of mean photon number in quantum key distribution and coin tossing
使用弱相干源的量子通信的安全性要求精确地知道源的平均光子数。有限的校准精度或攻击者的主动操纵可能导致实际发射的光子数偏离已知值。我们模拟了这种偏差对三种量子通信协议的安全性的影响：Bennett-Bennard 1984（BB84）无诱饵态的量子密钥分发（QKD）协议，Scarani-Acin-Ribordy-Gisin 2004（SARG 04）QKD协议和抛硬币协议。对于量子密钥分配，我们既模拟了一个强大的攻击，使用技术可能的原则，和现实的攻击，今天的技术的限制。为了维持双向系统中的平均光子数，例如即插即用和相对论量子密码方案，必须监测从通信信道进入的亮脉冲能量。到目前为止，除了ID Quantique的商业QKD系统Clavis 2之外，监测检测器的实现在很大程度上被忽视了。我们仔细检查了这种实现的安全问题，并表明设计一个防黑客的脉冲能量测量检测器远非微不足道。事实上，第一个实现有三个严重的缺陷，实验证实，其中每一个都可能被利用在一个巧妙地构建特洛伊木马攻击。我们讨论了一个无漏洞的监测检测器的实施要求。
The distribution of entangled quantum systems among two or more nodes of a network is a key task at the basis of quantum communication, quantum computation and quantum cryptography. Unfortunately the transmission lines used in this procedure can introduce so much perturbations and noise in the transmitted signal that prevent the possibility of restoring quantum correlations in the received messages either by means of encoding optimization or by exploiting local operations and classical communication. In this work we present a procedure which allows one to improve the performance of some of the…
Efficient Lattice Hamiltonian Encoding for the Shortest Vector Problem
本文提出一种高效编码结构格的量子算法框架，利用格的对称性将格转换为哈密顿量，从而减少量子资源需求，提升最短向量问题求解效率。
Random numbers are commonly used in many different fields, ranging from simulations in fundamental science to security applications. In some critical cases, as Bell's tests and cryptography, the random numbers are required to be both secure (i.e. known only by the legitimate user) and to be provided at an ultra-fast rate (i.e. larger than Gbit/s). However, practical generators are usually considered trusted, but their security can be compromised in case of imperfections or malicious external actions. In this work we introduce an efficient protocol which guarantees security and speed in the gen…
Device-independent quantum key distribution (DIQKD) is the art of using untrusted devices to distribute secret keys in an insecure network. It thus represents the ultimate form of cryptography, offering not only information-theoretic security against channel attacks, but also against attacks exploiting implementation loopholes. In recent years, much progress has been made towards realising the first DIQKD experiments, but current proposals are just out of reach of today's loophole-free Bell experiments. Here, we significantly narrow the gap between the theory and practice of DIQKD with a simpl…
Device-independent Certification of One-shot Distillable Entanglement
本文提出首个可操作的设备无关纠缠认证协议，通过经典交互测试未表征纠缠源，在容忍噪声的条件下认证剩余量子态具有大量一次性可蒸馏纠缠，从而实现对现实纠缠源的测试与基准化。
Quantum Key Distribution with Fibonacci Orbital Angular Momentum States
量子密码学和量子密钥分发（QKD）是量子信息处理最成功的应用，突出了量子力学通过不可克隆定理保护共享密钥安全的独特能力。在这里，我们提出了一个新的和根本不同的方法，高容量，高效率的量子密钥分配利用之间的相互作用，从量子信息和光散射的非周期性光子介质的跨学科的想法。所提出的方法的新颖性依赖于一种独特类型的纠缠光子源和一种新的物理机制，用于有效地共享密钥。新的源产生纠缠光子与轨道角动量（OAM）随机分布在斐波那契数。将纠缠与Fibonacci序列的数学性质相结合，产生了一种新的QKD协议。该斐波那契协议对光子数分裂攻击免疫，并允许从少量光子安全生成长密钥。与其他协议不同，参考系对准和生产和检测基础的主动调制是不必要的，因为安全性不需要使用非正交偏振测量。
Quantum information has been drawing a wealth of research in recent years, shedding light on questions at the heart of quantum mechanics, as well as advancing fields such as complexity theory, cryptography, key distribution, and chemistry. These fundamental and applied aspects of quantum information rely on a crucial issue: the ability to characterize a quantum state from measurements, through a process called Quantum State Tomography (QST). However, QST requires a large number of measurements, each derived from a different physical observable corresponding to a different experimental setup. U…
Experimental quantum key distribution certified by Bell's theorem
本研究实验实现了由贝尔定理认证的设备无关量子密钥分发协议，结合有限统计量分析、纠错和隐私放大，利用囚禁离子纠缠确保密钥安全性，证明真实设备下可证明安全的密码学可行。
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