L. Lanz, O. Melsheimer
It is argued that setting isolated systems as primary scope of field theory and looking at particles as derived entities, the problem of an objective anchorage of quantum mechanics can be solved and irreversibility acquires a fundamental role. These general ideas are checked in the case of the Boltzmann description of a dilute gas.
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The only acceptable reason why measurements are irreversible and outcomes definite is the intrinsic definiteness and irreversibility of human sensory experience. While QBists deserve credit for their spirited defense of this position, Niels Bohr urged it nearly a century ago, albeit in such elliptic ways that the core of his message has been lost or distorted beyond recognition. Then as now, the objectivity of empirical science was called into question. It was defended by Bohr along the lines of Kant's (then) revolutionary theory of science, according to which the possibility of empirical scie…
An attempt is made to formulate quantum mechanics (QM) in physical rather than in mathematical terms. It is argued that the appropriate conceptual framework for QM is "contextual objectivity", which includes an objective definition of the quantum state. This point of view sheds new light on topics such as the reduction postulate and the quantum measurement process.
In a previous preprint (quant-ph/0012122) we introduced a ``contextual objectivity" formulation of quantum mechanics (QM). A central feature of this approach is to define the quantum state in physical rather than in mathematical terms, in such a way that it may be given an "objective reality". Here we use some ideas about the system dimensionality, taken from quant-ph/0101012, to propose a possible axiomatic approach to QM. In this approach the structure of QM appears as a direct consequence of the non-commutative character of the (classical geometrical) group of "knobs transformations", that …
Towards objectivity of classical reference frames in quantum mechanics
本文证明由笛卡尔参考系给出的复杂信息可在量子力学中至少部分客观化，并借助参考系的内部规范结构提出一种更一般的客观性形式，从而将量子客观性扩展至简单场景之外并与现代几何学基础建立联系。
In spite of all of its successes, quantum mechanics leaves us with a central problem: How does Nature create a "foot-bridge" from fragile quanta to the objective world of everyday experience? Here we identify within quantum mechanics a fundamental process leading to the perceived objectivity and called state information broadcasting. This is the trick that Nature uses instead of a simple cloning. We uncover it basing on minimal assumptions, without referring to any dynamical details or a concrete model. More specifically, we show how a crucial for quantum mechanics notion of non-disturbance du…
The ESR model has been recently proposed in several papers to offer a possible solution of the problems raising from the nonobjectivity of physical properties in quantum mechanics (QM) (mainly the objectification problem of the quantum theory of measurement). This solution is obtained by embodying the mathematical formalism of QM into a broader mathematical framework and reinterpreting quantum probabilities as conditional on detection rather than absolute. We provide a new and more general formulation of the ESR model and discuss time evolution according to it, pointing out in particular that …
Hidden-variable models aim to reproduce the results of quantum theory and to satisfy our classical intuition. Their refutation is usually based on deriving predictions that are different from those of quantum mechanics. Here instead we study the mutual compatibility of apparently reasonable classical assumptions. We analyze a version of the delayed-choice experiment which ostensibly combines determinism, independence of hidden variables on the conducted experiments, and wave-particle objectivity (the assertion that quantum systems are, at any moment, either particles or waves, but not both). T…
A hypothetical formulation of quantum mechanics is presented so as to reconcile it with macro-realism. On the analogy drawn from thermodynamics, an objective description of wave packet reduction is postulated, in which a characteristic energy scale and a time scale are introduced to separate the quantum and classical conceptions.
Demystifying Objectivity with Operator Algebra Quantum Error Correction
通过连接量子达尔文主义与算子代数量子纠错，将客观性涌现等同于量子码的代数局部可恢复性，实现了对经典性和冗余的更精确刻画。
Quantum mechanics in the Rigged Hilbert Space formulation describes quasistationary phenomena mathematically rigorously in terms of Gamow vectors. We show that these vectors exhibit microphysical irreversibility, related to an intrinsic quantum mechanical arrow of time, which states that preparation of a state has to precede the registration of an observable in this state. Moreover, the Rigged Hilbert Space formalism allows the derivation of an exact golden rule describing the transition of a pure Gamow state into a mixture of interaction-free decay products.
In our effort to restate a "realistic" approach to quantum mechanics, that would fully acknowledge that local realism is untenable, we add a few more questions and answers to the list presented in quant-ph/0203131. We also suggest to replace the very misleading wording "quantum non-locality" by "quantum holism", that conveys a much better intuitive idea of the physical content of entanglement.
Based on the general thought that mechanics cannot be absolutely exact, supported by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments on the reversal of time in spin systems, we postulate existence of a probability which do not follow from the Schroudinger equation, or X-probability. It is shown that the X-probability allows explain irreversibility of evolution of macrosystems, and also creates a basis for using probabilistic methods in statistical mechanics and for deliverance from the mechanical determinism.
The reduction paradigm of quantum interferometry and the objectivation problem in quantum measurements are reanalyzed. Both are shown to be amenable to straightforward mathematical treatment within "every-users" simple-minded quantum mechanics without reduction postulate etc., using only its probabilistic content.
The objectivity is a basic requirement for the measurements in the classical world, namely, different observers must reach a consensus on their measurement results, so that they believe that the object exists "objectively" since whoever measures it obtains the same result. We find that this simple requirement of objectivity indeed imposes an important constraint upon quantum measurements, i.e., if two or more observers could reach a consensus on their quantum measurement results, their measurement basis must be orthogonal vector sets. This naturally explains why quantum measurements are based …
This paper compares and contrasts relational quantum mechanics (RQM) with a pragmatist view of quantum theory (DP). I'll first explain important points of agreement. Then I'll point to two problems faced by RQM and sketch DP's solutions to analogous problems. Since both RQM and DP have taken the Born rule to require relative facts I next say what these might be. This brings me to my main objection to RQM as originally conceived -- that its ontology of relative facts is incompatible with scientific objectivity and undercuts the evidential base of quantum theory. In contrast DP's relative facts …
According to d'Espagnat we must choose between nonlinear breaks in quantum state evolution and weak objectivity. In this comment it is shown that this choice is forced on us by an inconsistent pseudo-realistic interpretation of quantum states. A strongly objective one-world interpretation of linear quantum mechanics is presented. It is argued that the weak objectivity favored by d'Espagnat is, in fact, inconsistent with quantum mechanics.
The new orthodoxy of quantum mechanics (QM) based on the decoherence approach requires many-worlds as an essential ingredient for logical consistency, and one may wonder what status to give to all these "other worlds". Here we advocate that it is possible to build a consistent approach to QM where no other worlds are needed, and where the quantum formalism appears as a consequence of requiring the enumerability of physical properties. Such a quantization hypothesis is closely related to indistinguishability, and is deeply inconsistent with classical physics.
Classical objectivity as a property of quantum states---a view proposed to explain the observer-independent character of our world from quantum theory, is an important step in bridging the quantum-classical gap. It was recently derived in terms of spectrum broadcast structures for small objects embedded in noisy photon-like environments. However, two fundamental problems have arisen: a description of objective motion and applicability to other types of environments. Here we derive an example of objective states of motion in quantum mechanics by showing a formation of dynamical spectrum broadca…
Proposals to solve the problems of quantum measurement via non-linear CPT-violating modifications of quantum dynamics are argued to provide a possible fundamental explanation for the irreversibility of statistical mechanics as well. The argument is expressed in terms of collapse-free accounts. The reverse picture, in which statistical irreversibility generates quantum irreversibility, is argued to be less satisfactory because it leaves the Born probability rule unexplained.
Wave-particle duality, superposition and entanglement are among the most counterintuitive features of quantum theory. Their clash with our classical expectations motivated hidden-variable (HV) theories. With the emergence of quantum technologies we can test experimentally the predictions of quantum theory {\em versus} HV theories and put strong restrictions on their key assumptions. Here we study an entanglement-assisted version of the quantum delayed-choice experiment and show that the extension of HV to the controlling devices only exacerbates the contradiction. We compare HV theories that s…
The discussion on time-reversal in quantum mechanics exists at least since Wigner's ``Uber die Operation der Zeitumkehr in der Quantenmechanik'' paper in 1932. If and how the dynamics of the quantum world is time-reversible has been the subject of many controversies. Some have seen quantum mechanics as fundamentally time-irreversible, see for example von Neumann, and some have seen in that the ultimate cause of time's arrow and second law behavior. In his best-selling book ``The Emperor's New Mind'', Roger Penrose argues similarly and concludes that ``our sought-for quantum gravity must be a t…
Three postulates are discussed: first that well-defined properties cannot be assigned to an isolated system, secondly that quantum unitary evolution is atemporal, and thirdly that some physical processes are never reversed. It is argued that these give useful insight into quantum behaviour. The first postulate emphasizes the fundamental role in physics of interactions and correlations, as opposed to internal properties of systems. Statements about physical interactions can only be framed in a context of further interactions. This undermines the possibility of objectivity in physics. However, q…
Quantum mechanics is one of the most successful theories, correctly predicting huge class of physical phenomena. Ironically, in spite of all its successes, there is a notorious problem: how does Nature create a ''bridge'' from fragile quanta to the robust, objective world of everyday experience? It is now commonly accepted that the most promising approach is the Decoherence Theory, based on the system-environment paradigm. To explain the observed redundancy and objectivity of information in the classical realm, Zurek proposed to divide the environment into independent fractions and argued that…
Relational objectivity in presence of finite quantum resources
针对贝尔和科亨-斯佩克特定理所暗示的系统与语境不可分离性，本文分析彭罗斯自旋网络作为超越教科书量子力学、在有限资源下提供关系性描述的潜在形式化方案。
The issue of irreversibility in a universe with time-reversal-symmetric laws is a central problem in physics. % , and, in particular, to statistical mechanics, information theory and quantum thermodynamics. In this letter, we discuss for the first time how irreversibility can emerge within the recently proposed constructor theory framework. Here irreversibility is expressed as the requirement that a task is possible, while its inverse is not. In particular, we demonstrate that this irreversibility is compatible with quantum theory's time reversal symmetric laws, by exploiting a specific model,…
We investigate temporal evolution of von Neumann's entropy in exemplary quantum mechanical systems and show that it grows in systems evolving with incrementally increasing decoherence during scattering processes. We demonstrate that the origin of irreversibility lies in complexity of preparing time-reversed quantum states due to entanglement and in partitioning of the wave function of the evolving system.
The purpose of this comment is to show that a reinterpretation of the results from the Letter: "Physics and Metaphysics of Wigner's Friends: Even performed pre-measurements have no results" allows for reaching the conclusion "pre-measurements have no resul" [arXiv:2003.07464] based only on postulates of quantum mechanics without additional assumptions on irreversibility. Additionally, with supplementary reasoning based on Bell's theorem, one can show that unitary decoherence cannot be solely responsible for the quantum-to-classical transition, and an additional irreversibility model is require…
In a recent note David Mermin attributed the idea that wave function collapse is a physical process to a misunderstanding of probability and the role it plays in quantum mechanics. There are, however, further misconceptions at play, some of which are shared by Mermin himself and more generally by QBists. The main objective of the present comment on his note is to explain why I disagree with his reading of a well-known passage by Niels Bohr, in particular the ambiguity of the first-person plural he perceives in Bohr's reference to "our description of nature" and "our experience."
Compatibility of Quantum Measurements and the Emergence of Classical Objectivity
本文证明，在多部分系统中，测量集合的Kirkwood-Dirac准概率分布呈现经典性当且仅当哈密顿量支持量子达尔文主义，从而建立了测量相容性与经典客观性涌现之间的基本联系。
The time reversal and irreversibility in conventional quantum mechanics are compared with those of the rigged Hilbert space quantum mechanics. We discuss the time evolution of Gamow and Gamow-Jordan vectors and show that the rigged Hilbert space case admits a new kind of irreversibility which does not appear in the conventional case. The origin of this irreversibility can be traced back to different initial-boundary conditions for the states and observables. It is shown that this irreversibility does not contradict the experimentally tested consequences of the time-reversal invariance of the c…
Irreversibility in quantum measurements is considered from the point of quantum information theory. For that purpose the information transfer between the measured object S and measuring system O is analyzed. It's found that due to the principal constraints of quantum-mechanical origin, the information about the purity of S state isn't transferred to O during the measurement of arbitraryS observable V. Consequently O can't discriminate the pure and mixed S ensembles with the same <V>. As the result, the random outcomes should be detected by O in V measurement for S pure ensemble of V eigenstate…
The conventionalistic aspects of physical world perception are reviewed with an emphasis on the constancy of the speed of light in relativity theory and the irreversibility of measurements in quantum mechanics. An appendix contains a complete proof of Alexandrov's theorem using mainly methods of affine geometry.
The quantum measurement problem considered for measuring system (MS) model which consist of measured state S (particle), detector D and information processing device O. For spin chains and other O models the state evolution for MS observables measurements studied. It's shown that specific O states structure forbids the measurement of MS interference terms which discriminate pure and mixed S states. It results in the reduction MS Hilbert space to O representation in which MS evolution is irreversible, which in operational formalism corresponds to S state collapse. In radiation decoherence O mod…
After a review of the arrows of time, we describe the possibilities of a time-asymmetry in quantum theory. Whereas Hilbert space quantum mechanics is time-symmetric, the rigged Hilbert space formulation, which arose from Dirac's bra-ket formalism, allows the choice of asymmetric boundary conditions analogous to the retarded solutions of the Maxwell equations for the radiation arrow of time. This led to irreversibility on the microphysical level as exemplified by decaying states or resonances. Resonances are mathematically represented by Gamow kets, functionals over a space of very well-behaved…
The question of how irreversibility can emerge as a generic phenomena when the underlying mechanical theory is reversible has been a long-standing fundamental problem for both classical and quantum mechanics. We describe a mechanism for the appearance of irreversibility that applies to coherent, isolated systems in a pure quantum state. This equilibration mechanism requires only an assumption of sufficiently complex internal dynamics and natural information-theoretic constraints arising from the infeasibility of collecting an astronomical amount of measurement data. Remarkably, we are able to …
We analyze the logical foundations of quantum mechanics (QM) by stressing non-objectivity of quantum observables which is a consequence of the absence of logical atoms in QM. We argue that the matter of quantum non-objectivity is that, on the one hand, the formalism of QM constructed as a mathematical theory is self-consistent, but, on the other hand, quantum phenomena as results of experimenter's performances are not self-consistent. This self-inconsistency is an effect of that the language of QM differs much from the language of human performances. The first is the language of a mathematical…
The connection between the micro and macro-arrow of time is discussed in the frame of the stochastic quantum hydrodynamic analogy (SQHA). The presence of fluctuations that in the case on non-linear interactions leads to the breaking of the quantum mechanics on large scale and then to the macroscopic irreversibility with a defined arrow of time, gives also rise to the time reversal breaking in the micro-scale quantum evolution (micro-arrow of time). The quantum irreversibility with time reversal asymmetry is briefly discussed.
Within the general formalism of quantum theory irreversibility and the arrow of time in the evolution of various physical systems are studied. Irreversible behavior often manifests itself in the guise of entropy production. This motivates me to begin this paper with a brief review of quantum-mechanical entropy, a subject that Elliott Lieb has made outstanding contributions to, followed by an enumeration of examples of irreversible behavior and of an arrow of time analyzed in later sections. Subsequently, a derivation of the laws of thermodynamics from (quantum) statistical mechanics, and, in p…
Random-matrix reduction in projective quantum mechanics: Numerical simulations
通过数值模拟验证随机矩阵态约化框架，展示各向同性扩散、Born规则频率和宏观牛顿运动等特征，并比较GUE与GOE哈密顿量。
The main idea of "Quantum Chaos" studies is that Quantum Mechanics introduces two energy scales into the study of chaotic systems: One is obviously the mean level spacing $Δ\propto\hbar^d$, where $d$ is the dimensionality; The other is $Δ_b\propto\hbar$, which is known as the non-universal energy scale, or as the bandwidth, or as the Thouless energy. Associated with these two energy scales are two special quantum-mechanical (QM) regimes in the theory of driven system. These are the QM adiabatic regime, and the QM non-perturbative regime respectively. Otherwise Fermi golden rule applies, and li…
Information Metrics and Possible Limitations of Local Information Objectivity in Quantum Gravity
本文探讨了局部信息客观性在量子引力中的局限性，提出信息几何对时空一般协变性的扩展，并讨论了Born规则可能的修改。
Quantum Darwinism posits that information becomes objective whenever multiple observers indirectly probe a quantum system by each measuring a fraction of the environment. It was recently shown that objectivity of observables emerges generically from the mathematical structure of quantum mechanics, whenever the system of interest has finite dimensions and the number of environment fragments is large [F. G. S. L. Brandão, M. Piani, and P. Horodecki, Nature Commun. 6, 7908 (2015)]. Despite the importance of this result, it necessarily excludes many practical systems of interest that are infinite-…
Quantum Probabilities Are Objective Degrees of Epistemic Justification
本文针对QBism将量子概率完全主观化而难以容纳科学客观性的问题，提出一种继承其优点的解释，主张量子概率是认知辩护的客观程度。
We elaborate on the existing notion that quantum mechanics is an emergent phenomenon, by presenting a thermodynamical theory that is dual to quantum mechanics. This dual theory is that of classical irreversible thermodynamics. The linear regime of irreversibility considered here corresponds to the semiclassical approximation in quantum mechanics. An important issue we address is how the irreversibility of time evolution in thermodynamics is mapped onto the quantum-mechanical side of the correspondence.
QBism and relational interpretation of quantum mechanics from the point of view of a contextual quantum realism (CQR)
本文提出语境量子实在论（CQR），区分理想与实在，并批判QBism与关系量子力学混淆二者、隐含反实在论，CQR拒绝将实在还原为客观性。
Arno Bohm and Ilya Prigogine's Brussels-Austin Group have been working on the quantum mechanical arrow of time and irreversibility in rigged Hilbert space quantum mechanics. A crucial notion in Bohm's approach is the so-called preparation/registration arrow. An analysis of this arrow and its role in Bohm's theory of scattering is given. Similarly, the Brussels-Austin Group uses an excitation/de-excitation arrow for ordering events, which is also analyzed. The relationship between the two approaches is initially discussed focusing on their semi-group operators and time arrows. Finally a possibl…
We investigate the link between the irreversibility generated by a stationary dissipative process and the correlations established within a composite quantum system. We provide two equivalent expressions for the entropy generated in the non-equilibrium steady state of coupled quantum harmonic oscillators that allow for a simple interpretation of the onset of irreversibility. We then unveil a quantitative relation between the entropy production rate and correlations, both total and quantum, built between the two oscillators. In the small-coupling limit, the entropy production rate is shown to b…
Quantum irreversibility of quasistatic protocols for finite-size quantized systems
该研究针对有限尺寸量子系统准静态过程的可逆性问题，分析了扫描转移凝聚玻色子协议中绝热输运与混沌辅助耗散的作用，揭示了量子涨落主导区的量子-经典对应破缺，指出双轨道近似及多体Landau-Zener范式的局限性。
Finite-Time Processes In Quantum Thermodynamics: The Limits Of Irreversibility
本文构建广义几何热力学框架，研究有限时间量子过程中的熵产生与耗散极限，扩展 Landauer 原理并优化介观热机。
Halvorson and Clifton have given a mathematical reconstruction of Bohr's reply to Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen (EPR), and argued that this reply is dictated by the two requirements of classicality and objectivity for the description of experimental data, by proving consistency between their objectivity requirement and a contextualized version of the EPR reality criterion which had been introduced by Howard in his earlier analysis of Bohr's reply. In the present paper, we generalize the above consistency theorem, with a rather elementary proof, to a general formulation of EPR states applicable …
The emergent nature of quantum mechanics is shown to follow from a precise correspondence with the classical theory of irreversible thermodynamics.
In this continuation paper, we apply the general relativistic quantum theory for one particle systems, derived in paper II of this series, to a simple problem: the quantum Schwartzchild problem, where one particle of mass {\it m% } gravitates around a massive body. The results thus obtained reveal that, in the realm of such a theory, the negative mass conjecture we made in paper IV of this series is, indeed, adequate. It is shown that gravitation is responsible for the loss of energy quantization. We relate this property with the ideas of irreversibility and time arrow.
Intrinsic microphysical irreversibility is the time asymmetry observed in exponentially decaying states. It is described by the semigroup generated by the Hamiltonian $\QTR{it}{H}$ of the quantum physical system, not by the semigroup generated by a Liouvillian $\QTR{it}{L}$ which describes the irreversibility due to the influence of an external reservoir or measurement apparatus. The semigroup time evolution generated by $\QTR{it}{H}$ is impossible in the Hilbert Space (HS) theory, which allows only time symmetric boundary conditions and an unitary group time evolution. This leads to problems …
The puzzling properties of quantum mechanics, wave-particle duality, entanglement and superposition, were dissected experimentally at past decades. However, hidden-variable (HV) models, based on three classical assumptions of wave-particle objectivity, determinism and independence, strive to explain or even defeat them. The development of quantum technologies enabled us to test experimentally the predictions of quantum mechanics and HV theories. Here, we report an experimental demonstration of an entanglement-assisted quantum delayed-choice scheme using a liquid nuclear magnetic resonance quan…
The Loschmidt echo -- also known as fidelity -- is a very useful tool to study irreversibility in quantum mechanics due to perturbations or imperfections. Many different regimes, as a function of time and strength of the perturbation, have been identified. For chaotic systems, there is a range of perturbation strengths where the decay of the Loschmidt echo is perturbation independent, and given by the classical Lyapunov exponent. But observation of the Lyapunov decay depends strongly on the type of initial state upon which an average is done. This dependence can be removed by averaging the fid…
It has been argued that gravity acts dissipatively on quantum-mechanical systems, inducing thermal fluctuations that become indistinguishable from quantum fluctuations. This has led some authors to demand that some form of time irreversibility be incorporated into the formalism of quantum mechanics. As a tool towards this goal we propose a thermodynamical approach to quantum mechanics, based on Onsager's classical theory of irreversible processes and on Prigogine's nonunitary transformation theory. An entropy operator replaces the Hamiltonian as the generator of evolution. The canonically conj…
A particle is described as a non-spreading wave packet satisfying a linear equation within the framework of special relativity. Young's and other interference experiments are explained with a hypothesis that there is a coupling interaction between the peaked and non-peaked pieces of the wave packet. This explanation of the interference experiments provides a realistic interpretation of quantum mechanics. The interpretation implies that there is physical reality of particles and no wave function collapse. It also implies that neither classical mechanics nor current quantum mechanics is a comple…
The concept of internal friction, a fully quantum mechanical phenomena, is investigated in a simple, experimentally accessible quantum system in which a spin-1/2 is driven by a transverse magnetic field in a quantum adiabatic process. The irreversible production of the waste energy due to the quantum friction is quantitatively analyzed in a forward-backward unitary transform of the system Hamiltonian by using the quantum relative entropy between the actual density matrix obtained in a parametric transformation and the one in a reversible adiabatic process. Analyzing the role of total transform…
Quantitative measure of disorder or randomness based on the entropy production characterizes thermodynamical irreversibility, which is relevant to the conventional second law of thermodynamics. Here we report, in a quantum mechanical fashion, the first theoretical prediction and experimental exploration of an information-theoretical bound on the entropy production. Our theoretical model consists of a simplest two-level dissipative system driven by a purely classical field, and under the Markovian dissipation, we find that such an information-theoretical bound, not fully validating quantum rela…
This review summarizes and amplifies on recent investigations of coupled quantum dynamical systems in the short wavelength limit. We formulate and attempt to answer three fundamental questions: (i) What drives a dynamical quantum system to behave classically ? (ii) What determines the rate at which two coupled quantum--mechanical systems become entangled ? (iii) How does irreversibility occur in quantum systems with few degrees of freedom ? We embed these three questions in the broader context of the quantum--classical correspondence, which motivates the use of short--wavelength approximations…
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