Andrei Faraon, Dirk Englund, Ilya Fushman, Nick Stoltz, Pierre Petroff, Jelena Vuckovic
Quantum networks based on InGaAs quantum dots embedded in photonic crystal devices rely on QDs being in resonance with each other and with the cavities they are embedded in. We developed a new technique based on temperature tuning to spectrally align different quantum dots located on the same chip. The technique allows for up to 1.8nm reversible on-chip quantum dot tuning.
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Chip-to-chip photonic quantum teleportation over optical fibers of 12.3km
本研究在星型拓扑量子网络中，利用单芯片上集成的三个量子光子电路，通过优化干涉仪和主动反馈系统，实现了12.3公里光纤上的芯片间光子量子隐形传态，展示了芯片集成的潜力。
On-chip Time-bin to Path Qubit Encoding Converter via Thin Film Lithium Niobate Photonics Chip
本文提出了一种基于薄膜铌酸锂光子芯片的片上时间分量到路径量子比特编码转换器，通过实验验证其高保真度转换性能，为量子网络中的信息传输与处理提供基础组件。
Chip-to-chip hyperentanglement distribution and entanglement purification using silicon integrated photonics
该研究首次在集成硅芯片间实现偏振-空间超纠缠分发，并通过消耗空间自由度完成纠缠纯化，弥补了片上量子中继器的关键环节。
Quantum photonics on a chip
本文展望了用于量子光子学的光学芯片，阐述其在量子计算、安全通信和精密传感中的应用前景，并指出硅光子学等材料和制造进展将推动可扩展量子技术的发展。
Chip-to-chip quantum photonic controlled-NOT gate teleportation
本文基于硅光子集成电路实现芯片间高保真度CNOT门隐形传送，在5米和1公里光纤互连下验证了远程量子门操控，为大规模实用化量子网络奠定基础。
Integrated quantum photonics hold the promise to scale up the system size and form an on-chip quantum network with distributed information processing and simulation units. An outstanding need of such quantum network is to have high fidelity and efficiency on-chip state transfer between distant nodes. Although the nodes are naturally connected via waveguides, it is challenging to fulfill this need because stringent conditions such as spatial mode-matching configuration and time-reversal symmetry have to be satisfied. Here we report a type of quantum photonic nodes consisting of single quantum e…
We study a quantum computing system using microwave photons in transmission line resonators on a superconducting chip as qubits. We show that all control necessary for quantum computing can be implemented by coupling to Josephson devices on the same chip, and take advantage of their strong inherent nonlinearities to realize qubit interactions. We analyze the gate error rate to demonstrate that our scheme is realistic even for Josephson devices with limited decoherence times. A conceptually innovative solution based on existing technologies, our scheme provides an integrated and scalable approa…
Photonics chips on which one can perform Gaussian Boson Sampling have become accessible on the cloud, in particular the X8 chip of Xanadu. In this technical report, we study its potential use as a first step towards graph classification on quantum devices. In order to achieve this goal, we study the generated samples of the graph embedding method which leads to feature vectors. This is done on a restricted class of unweighted, undirected and loop-free graphs. Hardware constraints are matched to properties of graphs that can be encoded. We report experiments on the X8 chip as well as comparison…
Scalable on-chip integration of diamond color centers for cryogenic quantum photonics
本文提出了一种芯片集成的钻石光子晶体腔，包含氮空位中心，通过边缘耦合光纤观察到NV中心发射的Purcell增强，展示了钻石色心的低温操作，为可扩展的钻石量子通信平台奠定基础。
We develop a scalable architecture for quantum computation using controllable electrons of double-dot molecules coupled to a microwave stripline resonator on a chip, which satisfies all Divincenzo criteria. We analyze the performance and stability of all required operations and emphasize that all techniques are feasible with current experimental technologies.
Integrated quantum photonics is an appealing platform for quantum information processing, quantum communication and quantum metrology. In all these applications it is necessary not only to be able to create and detect Fock states of light but also to program the photonic circuits that implements some desired logical operation. Here we demonstrate a reconfigurable controlled two-qubit operation on a chip using a multiwaveguide interferometer with a tunable phase shifter. We find excellent agreement between theory and experiment, with a 0.98 \pm 0.02 average similarity between measured and ideal…
Loop Quantum Photonic Chip for Coherent Multi-Time-Step Evolution
本文提出环形量子光子芯片，通过循环结构实现多时间步量子模拟，提升效率并减少损耗，验证了其在spin-boson模型中的有效性。
Calibration of cascaded phase shifters using pairwise scan method in silicon photonics integrated chip
针对硅光子芯片级联相移器校准耗时问题，提出引入等效马赫-曾德尔干涉仪结构与初始相对相位约束的成对扫描方法，结合关键组件优化，在6级联结构中实现99.97%保真度的快速校准。
We present a protocol for generating on-demand, indistinguishable single photons on a silicon photonic integrated chip. The source is a time-multiplexed spontaneous parametric down-conversion element that allows optimization of single-photon versus multiphoton emission while realizing high output rate and indistinguishability. We minimize both the scaling of active elements and the scaling of active element loss with multiplexing. We then discuss detection strategies and data processing to further optimize the procedure. We simulate an improvement in single-photon-generation efficiency over pr…
Compressive single-pixel read-out of single-photon quantum walks on a polymer photonic chip
针对聚合物光子芯片密集输出端口的单光子收集难题，提出基于数字微镜器件的单像素成像方法，实现量子行走单光子空间分布的高精度重建，并验证了压缩感知优化策略的可行性。
Shor's quantum factoring algorithm finds the prime factors of a large number exponentially faster than any other known method a task that lies at the heart of modern information security, particularly on the internet. This algorithm requires a quantum computer a device which harnesses the `massive parallelism' afforded by quantum superposition and entanglement of quantum bits (or qubits). We report the demonstration of a compiled version of Shor's algorithm on an integrated waveguide silica-on-silicon chip that guides four single-photon qubits through the computation to factor 15.
Integrated photonics has enabled much progress towards quantum technologies. Many applications, including quantum communication, sensing, and distributed and cloud quantum computing, will require coherent photonic interconnection between separate chip-based sub-systems. Large-scale quantum computing systems and architectures may ultimately require quantum interconnects to enable scaling beyond the limits of a single wafer and towards "multi-chip" systems. However, coherently interconnecting separate chips is challenging due to the fragility of these quantum states and the demanding challenges …
Photonic Chips for Universal Quantum Computing: Retrospective and Prospective
本综述回顾集成光子量子芯片作为通用量子计算平台的进展，涵盖离散与连续变量方向，指出需解决的容错扩展挑战，并展望通往可扩展量子微处理器的研究方向。
High visibility on-chip quantum interference among indistinguishable single-photons from multiples sources is a key prerequisite for integrated linear optical quantum computing. Resonant enhancement in micro-ring resonators naturally enables brighter, purer and more indistinguishable single-photon production without any tight spectral filtering. The indistinguishability of heralded single-photons from multiple micro-ring resonators has not been measured in any photonic platform. Here, we report on-chip indistinguishability measurements of heralded single-photons generated from independent micr…
We present evidence of cavity quantum electrodynamics from a sparse density of strongly quantum-confined Pb-chalcogenide nanocrystals (between 1 and 10) approaching single-dot levels on moderately high-Q mesoscopic silicon optical cavities. Operating at important near-infrared (1500-nm) wavelengths, large enhancements are observed from devices and strong modifications of the QD emission are achieved. Saturation spectroscopy of coupled QDs is observed at 77K, highlighting the modified nanocrystal dynamics for quantum information processing.
Atomic-scale on-demand photon polarization manipulation with high-efficiency for integrated photonic chips
针对集成量子光子电路缺乏偏振编码的问题，提出集成单量子发射器的波导方案实现单光子任意偏振操控，该偏振转换器具备转换灵活、频率可调、高效抗耗散和原子级尺寸等优势，为集成量子光子电路的偏振编码提供有效方案，助力量子光子芯片发展。
Generation and detection of squeezed light on a single silicon photonic chip
研究在单个硅光子芯片上产生和检测压缩光，利用硅波导中自发四波混频产生压缩光，经同一芯片上光电二极管检测，直接测量出0.25(1)dB压缩，分析了非线性损耗影响，推动量子光子学发展。
We demonstrate the design of an integrated conditional quantum teleportation circuit and a readout circuit using a two-dimensional photonic crystal single chip. Fabrication and testing of the proposed quantum circuit can be accomplished with current or near future semiconductor process technology and experimental techniques. The readout part of our device, which has potential for independent use as an atomic interferometer, can also be used on its own or integrated with other compatible optical circuits to achieve atomic state detection. Further improvement of the device in terms of compactnes…
Light carrying orbital angular momentum constitutes an important resource for both classical and quantum information technologies. Its inherently unbounded nature can be exploited to generate high-dimensional quantum states or for channel multiplexing in classical and quantum communication in order to significantly boost the data capacity and the secret key rate, respectively. While the big potentials of light owning orbital angular momentum have been widely ascertained, its technological deployment is still limited by the difficulties deriving from the fabrication of integrated and scalable p…
Quantum Generative Adversarial Networks in a Silicon Photonic Chip with Maximum Expressibility
本文研制可执行任意受控幺正操作、生成任意2量子比特纯态的硅量子光子芯片，并通过引入非线性的混合生成器，成功实现PQ-GAN与HQC-GAN三类生成任务。
Quantum teleportation is a fundamental concept in quantum physics which now finds important applications at the heart of quantum technology including quantum relays, quantum repeaters and linear optics quantum computing (LOQC). Photonic implementations have largely focussed on achieving long distance teleportation due to its suitability for decoherence-free communication. Teleportation also plays a vital role in the scalability of photonic quantum computing, for which large linear optical networks will likely require an integrated architecture. Here we report the first demonstration of quantum…
Integrated quantum photonic circuits are becoming increasingly complex. Accurate calibration of device parameters and detailed characterization of the prepared quantum states are critically important for future progress. Here we report on an effective experimental calibration method based on Bayesian updating and Markov chain Monte Carlo integration. We use this calibration technique to characterize a two qubit chip and extract the reflectivities of its directional couplers. An average quantum state tomography fidelity of 93.79+/-1.05% against the four Bell states is achieved. Furthermore, com…
Quantum dot photonic crystal membrane lasers were fabricated and the large signal modulation characteristics were studied. We find that the modulation characteristics of quantum dot lasers can be significantly improved using cavities with large spontaneous emission coupling factor. Our experiments show, and simulations confirm, that the modulation rate is limited by the rate of carrier capture into the dots to around 30GHz in our present system.
Integrated photonic platform with high-speed entanglement generation and witnessing
本研究在硅光子芯片上实现基于诱骗态技术的多轨单光子纠缠产生与验证，采用12.5 GHz带宽片上平衡零拍探测器室温运行，经损耗补偿后保真度达92%、CHSH违反下界2.59，为集成室温量子光子系统提供可行方案。
We present a basic building block of a quantum network consisting of a quantum dot coupled to a source cavity, which in turn is coupled to a target cavity via a waveguide. The single photon emission from the high-Q/V source cavity is characterized by a twelve-fold spontaneous emission (SE) rate enhancement that results in a SE coupling efficiency near 0.98 into the source cavity mode. Single photons are efficiently transferred into the target cavity through the waveguide, with a source/target field intensity ratio of 0.12 (up to 0.49 observed in other structures without coupled quantum dots). …
Measurement-Based Quantum Computing on a Photonic Chip
研究在集成硅光子芯片上进行基于测量的量子计算，通过生成特定图态实现单双比特门及相关算法，展示了可重构四光子MBQC的可行性，为大规模实现奠定基础。
On-demand and efficient storage of photons is an essential element in quantum information processing and long-distance quantum communication. Most of the quantum memory protocols require bulk systems in order to store photons. However, with the advent of integrated photonic chip platforms for quantum information processing, on-chip quantum memories are highly sought after. In this paper, we propose a protocol for multi-mode photonic quantum memory using only single-atom-cavity setup. We show that a single atom containing a frequency comb coupled to an optical cavity can store photons efficient…
Quantum dots embedded in photonic nanostructures have in recent years proven to be a very powerful solid-state platform for quantum optics experiments. The combination of near-unity radiative coupling of a single quantum dot to a photonic mode and the ability to eliminate decoherence processes imply that an unprecedented light-matter interface can be obtained. As a result, high-cooperativity photon-emitter quantum interfaces can be constructed opening a path-way to deterministic photonic quantum gates for quantum-information processing applications. In the present manuscript, I review current …
We propose and analyze a passive architecture for realizing on-chip, scalable cascaded quantum devices. In contrast to standard approaches, our scheme does not rely on breaking Lorentz reciprocity. Rather, we engineer the interplay between pairs of superconducting transmon qubits and a microwave transmission line, in such a way that two delocalized orthogonal excitations emit (and absorb) photons propagating in opposite directions. We show how such cascaded quantum devices can be exploited to passively probe and measure complex many-body operators on quantum registers of stationary qubits, thu…
We demonstrate the generation and demultiplexing of quantum correlated photons on a monolithic photonic chip composed of silicon and silica-based waveguides. Photon pairs generated in a nonlinear silicon waveguide are successfully separated into two optical channels of an arrayed-waveguide grating fabricated on a silica-based waveguide platform.
Scalable quantum photonic systems require efficient single photon sources coupled to integrated photonic devices. Solid-state quantum emitters can generate single photons with high efficiency, while silicon photonic circuits can manipulate them in an integrated device structure. Combining these two material platforms could, therefore, significantly increase the complexity of integrated quantum photonic devices. Here, we demonstrate hybrid integration of solid-state quantum emitters to a silicon photonic device. We develop a pick-and-place technique that can position epitaxially grown InAs/InP …
Time-correlated photon pairs are generated by triply-resonant Four-Wave-Mixing in a In$_{0.5}$Ga$_{0.5}$P Photonic Crystal cavitiy. Maximal efficiency is reached by actively compensating the residual spectral misalignment of the cavity modes. The generation rate reaches 5 MHz in cavities with Q-factor $\approx 4\times 10^4$, more than one order of magnitude larger than what is measured using ring resonators with similar Q factors fabricated on the same chip. The Photonic Crystal source is integrated on a Si photonic circuit, an important asset for applications in quantum technologies.
Making analogy with atomic physics is a powerful tool for photonic technology, witnessed by the recent development in topological photonics and non-Hermitian photonics based on parity-time symmetry. Mollow triplet is a prominent atomic effect with both fundamental and technological importance. Here we demonstrate the analogue of Mollow triplet with quantum photonic systems. Photonic entanglement is generated with spontaneous nonlinear processes in dressed photonic modes, which are introduced through coherent multimode coupling. We further demonstrate the flexibility of the photonic system to r…
Demonstration of Lossy Linear Transformations and Two-Photon Interference on a Photonic Chip
该研究在基于奇异值分解设计的光子芯片上，利用辅助波导的工程化损耗实现纠缠光子空间关联从聚束到反聚束的调控，还观测到损耗通道内的光子符合事件，为量子光子集成芯片设计提供参考。
Erbium dopants in crystals exhibit highly coherent optical transitions well suited for solid-state optical quantum memories operating in the telecom band. Here we demonstrate coupling of erbium dopant ions in yttrium orthosilicate to a photonic crystal cavity fabricated directly in the host crystal using focused ion beam milling. The coupling leads to reduction of the photoluminescence lifetime and enhancement of the optical depth in microns-long devices, which will enable on-chip quantum memories.
Heterogeneously Integrated Squeezed-Light Generation and Detection on a Single Photonic Chip
本文通过异质集成技术在单光子芯片上实现压缩光产生、路由与平衡零差探测，测得含34个量子模式的双模压缩量子微梳约3 dB压缩度，建立了全集成压缩光量子光子系统的可扩展架构。
In the quantum world, a single particle can have various degrees of freedom to encode quantum information. Controlling multiple degrees of freedom simultaneously is necessary to describe a particle fully and, therefore, to use it more efficiently. Here we introduce the transverse waveguide-mode degree of freedom to quantum photonic integrated circuits, and demonstrate the coherent conversion of a photonic quantum state between path, polarization and transverse waveguide-mode degrees of freedom on a single chip. The preservation of quantum coherence in these conversion processes is proven by si…
The goal of integrated quantum photonics is to combine components for the generation, manipulation, and detection of non-classical light in a phase stable and efficient platform. Solid-state quantum emitters have recently reached outstanding performance as single photon sources. In parallel, photonic integrated circuits have been advanced to the point that thousands of components can be controlled on a chip with high efficiency and phase stability. Consequently, researchers are now beginning to combine these leading quantum emitters and photonic integrated circuit platforms to realize the best…
With high integration density and excellent optical properties, silicon photonics is becoming a promising platform for complete integration and large-scale optical quantum information processing. Scalable quantum information applications need photon generation and detection to be integrated on the same chip, and we have seen that various devices on the silicon photonic chip have been developed for this goal. This paper reviews the relevant research results and state-of-the-art technologies on the silicon photonic chip for scalable quantum applications. Despite the shortcomings, properties of s…
The electro-optic, acousto-optic and nonlinear properties of lithium niobate make it a highly versatile material platform for integrated quantum photonic circuits. A prerequisite for quantum technology applications is the ability to efficiently integrate single photon sources, and to guide the generated photons through ad-hoc circuits. Here we report the integration of quantum dots in monolayer WSe2 into a Ti in-diffused lithium niobate directional coupler. We investigate the coupling of individual quantum dots to the waveguide mode, their spatial overlap, and the overall efficiency of the hyb…
Quantum information processing holds great promise for communicating and computing data efficiently. However, scaling current photonic implementation approaches to larger system size remains an outstanding challenge for realizing disruptive quantum technology. Two main ingredients of quantum information processors are quantum interference and single-photon detectors. Here we develop a hybrid superconducting-photonic circuit system to show how these elements can be combined in a scalable fashion on a silicon chip. We demonstrate the suitability of this approach for integrated quantum optics by …
Twisted light carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) provides an additional degree of freedom for modern optics and an emerging resource for both classical and quantum information technologies. Its inherently infinite dimensions can potentially be exploited by using mode multiplexing to enhance data capacity for sustaining the unprecedented growth in big data and internet traffic, and can be encoded to build large-scale quantum computing machines in high-dimensional Hilbert space. While the emission of twisted light from the surface of integrated devices to free space has been widely investig…
Interfacing scalable photonic platforms: solid-state based multi-photon interference in a reconfigurable glass chip
本研究将量子点多光子源与可重构玻璃芯片结合，实现高速三光子干涉，并预测未来可支持约40 Hz的十光子实验。
Reconfigurable quantum photonics with on-chip detectors
本文提出一种可重构量子光子学平台，实现高消光比光路由、高动态范围单光子探测及光学激发稳定，突破热敏感超导单光子探测器与热可重构光子学的集成难题。
Quantum photonic integrated circuit (QPIC) is a promising tool for constructing integrated devices for quantum technology applications. In the optical regime, silicon photonics empowered by complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology provides optical components useful for realizing large-scale QPICs. Optical nonlinearity at the single-photon level is required for QPIC to facilitate photon-photon interaction. However, to date, realization of optical elements with deterministic( i.e., not probabilistic) single-photon nonlinearity by using silicon-based components is challenging, de…
Reconfigurability of integrated photonic chips plays a key role in current experiments in the area of linear-optical quantum computing. We demonstrate a reconfigurable multiport interferometer implemented as a femtosecond laser-written integrated photonic device. The device includes a femtosecond laser-written $4\times 4$ multiport interferometer equipped with 12 thermooptical phase shifters, making it a universal programmable linear-optical circuit. We achieve a record fast switching time for a single nested Mach-Zender interferometer of $\sim10$ ms and quantitatively analyse the reconfigurab…
Invisibility cloak capable of hiding an object can be achieved by properly manipulating electromagnetic field. Such a remarkable ability has been shown in transformation and ray optics. Alternatively, it may be realistic to create a spatial cloak by means of confining electromagnetic field in three-dimensional arrayed waveguides and introducing appropriate collective curvature surrounding an object. We realize the artificial structure in borosilicate by femtosecond laser direct writing, where we prototype up to 5000 waveguides to conceal millimeter-scale volume. We characterize the performance…
The fruitful association of quantum and integrated photonics holds the promise to produce, manipulate, and detect quantum states of light using compact and scalable systems. Integrating all the building-blocks necessary to produce high-quality photonic entanglement in the telecom wavelength range out of a single chip remains a major challenge, mainly due to the limited performance of on-chip light rejection filters. We report a stand-alone, telecom-compliant, device that integrates, on a single substrate, a nonlinear photon-pair generator and a passive pump rejection filter. Using standard cha…
The exponential growth of photonic quantum technologies is driving the demand of tools for measuring the quality of their information carriers. One of the most prominent is Stimulated Emission Tomography (SET), which uses classical coherent fields to measure the Joint Spectral Amplitude (JSA) of photon pairs with high speed and resolution. While the modulus of the JSA can be directly addressed from a single intensity measurement, the retrieval of the Joint Spectral Phase (JSP) is far more challenging and received minor attentions. However, a wide class of spontaneous sources of technological r…
Integrated entangled photon-pair sources are key elements for enabling large-scale quantum photonic solutions, and addresses the challenges of both scaling-up and stability. Here we report the first demonstration of an energy-time entangled photon-pair source based on spontaneous parametric down-conversion in silicon-based platform through an optically induced second-order ($χ^{(2)}$) nonlinearity, ensuring type-0 quasi-phase-matching of fundamental harmonic and its second-harmonic inside the waveguide. The developed source shows a coincidence-to-accidental ratio of 1635 at 8 of $μ$W pump powe…
Squeezed light is a critical resource in quantum sensing and information processing. Due to the inherently weak optical nonlinearity and limited interaction volume, considerable pump power is typically needed to obtain efficient interactions to generate squeezed light in bulk crystals. Integrated photonics offers an elegant way to increase the nonlinearity by confining light strictly inside the waveguide. For the construction of large-scale quantum systems performing many-photon operations, it is essential to integrate various functional modules on a chip. However, fabrication imperfections an…
Large-scale quantum-dot-lithium-niobate hybrid integrated photonic circuits enabling on-chip quantum networking
提出一种将量子点单光子源与低损耗铌酸锂电路大规模集成的混合光子架构，利用薄膜铌酸锂压电特性实现片上光谱调谐，成功演示了空间分离单光子源间的量子干涉，为可扩展片上量子网络奠定基础。
Vector vortex beams simultaneously carrying spin and orbital angular momentum of light promise additional degrees of freedom for modern optics and emerging resources for both classical and quantum information technologies. The inherently infinite dimensions can be exploited to enhance data capacity for sustaining the unprecedented growth in big data and internet traffic, and can be encoded to build quantum computing machines in high-dimensional Hilbert space. So far much progress has been made in the emission of vector vortex beams from a chip surface into free space, however, the generation o…
Topology manifesting in many branches of physics deepens our understanding on state of matters. Topological photonics has recently become a rapidly growing field since artificial photonic structures can be well designed and constructed to support topological states, especially a promising large-scale implementation of these states using photonic chips. Meanwhile, due to the inapplicability of Hall conductance to photons, it is still an elusive problem to directly measure the integer topological invariants and topological phase transitions for photons. Here, we present a direct observation of t…
Semiconductor quantum dots in photonic integrated circuits enable scaling quantum-information processing to many single photons and quantum-optical gates. On-chip spectral filters are essential to achieve high-purity and coherent photon emission from quantum dots embedded in waveguides, without resorting to free-space optics. Such spectral filters should be tunable, to compensate for the inhomogeneous spectral distribution of the quantum dots transitions. Here, we report an on-chip filter monolithically integrated with quantum dots, that uses nanomechanical motion for tuning its resonant wavel…
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