热力学第二定律是什么？它的有效性有什么限制吗？
What is the second law of thermodynamics and are there any limits to its validity?
摘要：
在科学和工程文献中，热力学第二定律用可逆和不可逆过程中熵的行为来表示。根据流行的统计力学解释，熵被看作是一种非物理的统计属性，一种衡量系统中的无序，或缺乏有关系统的信息，或删除收集到的有关系统的信息，并提出了大量的分析表达式的各种措施。在本文中，我们提出了两个热力学的论述（都是“革命”的意义上的托马斯库恩相对于传统的统计力学和传统的热力学论述），适用于所有系统（宏观和微观，包括单粒子或单自旋系统），并适用于所有状态（热力学或稳定平衡，非平衡，和其他状态）。
英文摘要：
In the scientific and engineering literature, the second law of thermodynamics is expressed in terms of the behavior of entropy in reversible and irreversible processes. According to the prevailing statistical mechanics interpretation the entropy is viewed as a nonphysical statistical attribute, a measure of either disorder in a system, or lack of information about the system, or erasure of information collected about the system, and a plethora of analytic expressions are proposed for the various measures. In this paper, we present two expositions of thermodynamics (both 'revolutionary' in the sense of Thomas Kuhn with respect to conventional statistical mechanics and traditional expositions of thermodynamics) that apply to all systems (both macroscopic and microscopic, including single particle or single spin systems), and to all states (thermodynamic or stable equilibrium, nonequilibrium, and other states).
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
