Landauer vs. Nernst：冷却量子系统的真正成本是什么？
Landauer vs. Nernst: What is the True Cost of Cooling a Quantum System?
摘要：
热力学将我们对世界的认识与我们操纵世界的能力联系在一起，从而控制世界。热力学第三定律--能斯特的不可达性原理--证明了控制的关键作用。该原理指出，要将系统冷却到绝对零度，需要无限的资源。但是，这些资源是什么，应该如何利用？这与著名的连接信息和热力学的兰道尔原理有什么关系？我们通过提供一个识别能够创建纯量子态的资源的框架来回答这些问题。我们表明，在无限时间或控制复杂性的情况下，兰道尔能源成本可以实现完美冷却。然而，这样的最佳协议需要由外部工作源生成的复杂酉。限制到幺正，可以单独通过一个热机运行，我们得到一个新的卡诺-兰道尔限制，以及其饱和的协议。这将朗道原理推广到完全热力学的环境，导致与第三定律的统一，并强调了控制在量子热力学中的重要性。
英文摘要：
Thermodynamics connects our knowledge of the world to our capability to manipulate and thus to control it. This crucial role of control is exemplified by the third law of thermodynamics, Nernst's unattainability principle, which states that infinite resources are required to cool a system to absolute zero temperature. But what are these resources and how should they be utilized? And how does this relate to Landauer's principle that famously connects information and thermodynamics? We answer these questions by providing a framework for identifying the resources that enable the creation of pure quantum states. We show that perfect cooling is possible with Landauer energy cost given infinite time or control complexity. However, such optimal protocols require complex unitaries generated by an external work source. Restricting to unitaries that can be run solely via a heat engine, we derive a novel Carnot-Landauer limit, along with protocols for its saturation. This generalizes Landauer's principle to a fully thermodynamic setting, leading to a unification with the third law and emphasizes the importance of control in quantum thermodynamics.
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