A. Hayashi, M. Horibe, T. Hashimoto
The mean king's problem with maximal mutually unbiased bases (MUB's) in general dimension d is investigated. It is shown that a solution of the problem exists if and only if the maximal number (d+1) of orthogonal Latin squares exists. This implies that there is no solution in d=6 or d=10 dimensions even if the maximal number of MUB's exists in these dimensions.
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We introduce orthogonal quantum Latin squares, which restrict to traditional orthogonal Latin squares, and investigate their application in quantum information science. We use quantum Latin squares to build maximally entangled bases, and show how a pair of mutually unbiased maximally entangled bases can be constructed in square dimension from orthogonal quantum Latin squares. We also compare our construction to an existing construction due to Beth and Wocjan and show that ours is strictly more general.
We show there is a natural connection between Latin squares and commutative sets of monomials defining geometric structures in finite phase-space of prime power dimensions. A complete set of such monomials defines a mutually unbiased basis (MUB) and may be associated with a complete set of mutually orthogonal Latin squares (MOLS). We translate some possible operations on the monomial sets into isomorphisms of Latin squares, and find a general form of permutations that map between Latin squares corresponding to unitarily equivalent mutually unbiased sets. We extend this result to a conjecture: …
Mutually Unbiased Bases and Orthogonal Latin Squares -- version 3
本文证明了N维希尔伯特空间中存在完整互不偏正交基与存在完整互正交拉丁方之间的关系，并指出六维空间中不存在完整MUBs。
We offer a piece of evidence that the problems of finding the number of mutually unbiased bases (MUB) and mutually orthogonal Latin squares (MOLS) might not be equivalent. We study a particular procedure which has been shown to relate the two problems and generates complete sets of MUBs in power-of-prime dimensions and three MUBs in dimension six. For these cases, every square from an augmented set of MOLS has a corresponding MUB. We show that this no longer holds for certain composite dimensions.
Mutually unbiased bases encapsulate the concept of complementarity - the impossibility of simultaneous knowledge of certain observables - in the formalism of quantum theory. Although this concept is at the heart of quantum mechanics, the number of these bases is unknown except for systems of dimension being a power of a prime. We develop the relation between this physical problem and the mathematical problem of finding the number of mutually orthogonal Latin squares. We derive in a simple way all known results about the unbiased bases, find their lower number, and disprove the existence of cer…
Goyeneche et al.\ [Phys.\ Rev.\ A \textbf{97}, 062326 (2018)] introduced several classes of quantum combinatorial designs, namely quantum Latin squares, quantum Latin cubes, and the notion of orthogonality on them. They also showed that mutually orthogonal quantum Latin arrangements can be entangled in the same way in which quantum states are entangled. Moreover, they established a relationship between quantum combinatorial designs and a remarkable class of entangled states called $k$-uniform states, i.e., multipartite pure states such that every reduction to $k$ parties is maximally mixed. In…
The Mean King's problem with mutually unbiased bases is reconsidered for arbitrary d-level systems. Hayashi, Horibe and Hashimoto [Phys. Rev. A 71, 052331 (2005)] related the problem to the existence of a maximal set of d-1 mutually orthogonal Latin squares, in their restricted setting that allows only measurements of projection-valued measures. However, we then cannot find a solution to the problem when e.g., d=6 or d=10. In contrast to their result, we show that the King's problem always has a solution for arbitrary levels if we also allow positive operator-valued measures. In constructing t…
We investigate the King's problem of the measurement of operators $\vec{n}_k \nobreak \cdot \nobreak \vecσ (k=1,2,3)$ instead of the three Cartesian components $σ_x$, $σ_y$ and $σ_z$ of the spin operator $\vecσ$. Here, $\vec{n}_k$ are three-dimensional real unit vectors. We show the condition over three vectors $\vec{n}_k$ to ascertain the result for measurement of any one of these operators.
We show that k=w+2 mutually unbiased bases can be constructed in any square dimension d=s^2 provided that there are w mutually orthogonal Latin squares of order s. The construction combines the design-theoretic objects (k,s)-nets (which can be constructed from w mutually orthogonal Latin squares of order s and vice versa) and generalized Hadamard matrices of size s. Using known lower bounds on the asymptotic growth of the number of mutually orthogonal Latin squares (based on number theoretic sieving techniques), we obtain that the number of mutually unbiased bases in dimensions d=s^2 is greate…
Large sets of mutually orthogonal quantum Latin squares
研究相互正交的量子拉丁方的规模问题，通过构造非经典集改进了其上下界，证明n阶的n - 2个MOQLS必然是经典的。
When the state of a quantum system belongs to a N-dimensional Hilbert space, with N the power of a prime number, it is possible to associate to the system a finite field (Galois field) with N elements. In this paper, we introduce generalized Bell states that can be intrinsically expressed in terms of the field operations.These Bell states are in one to one correspondence with the N^2 elements of the generalised Pauli group or Heisenberg-Weyl group. This group consists of discrete displacement operators and provides a discrete realisation of the Weyl function.Thanks to the properties of general…
We develop a new technique to construct mutually unbiased tripartite absolutely maximally entangled bases. We first explore the tripartite absolutely maximally entangled bases and mutually unbiased bases in $\mathbb{C}^{d} \otimes \mathbb{C}^{d} \otimes \mathbb{C}^{d}$ based on mutually orthogonal Latin squares. Then we generalize the approach to the case of $\mathbb{C}^{d_{1}} \otimes \mathbb{C}^{d_{2}} \otimes \mathbb{C}^{d_{1}d_{2}}$ by mutually weak orthogonal Latin squares. The concise direct constructions of mutually unbiased tripartite absolutely maximally entangled bases are remarkably…
We show how one can ascertain the values of four mutually complementary observables of a spin-1 degree of freedom.
We show how one can ascertain the values of a complete set of mutually complementary observables of a prime degree of freedom.
Goyeneche et al recently proposed a notion of orthogonality for quantum Latin squares, and showed that orthogonal quantum Latin squares yield quantum codes. We give a simplified characterization of orthogonality for quantum Latin squares, which we show is equivalent to the existing notion. We use this simplified characterization to give an upper bound for the number of mutually orthogonal quantum Latin squares of a given size, and to give the first examples of orthogonal quantum Latin squares that do not arise from ordinary Latin squares. We then discuss quantum Latin isometry squares, general…
It is shown how to ascertain the values of a complete set of mutually complementary observables of a prime power degree of freedom by generalizing the solution in prime dimensions given by Englert and Aharonov [Phys. Lett. A284, 1-5 (2001)].
The mean King problem is a conditional retrodiction problem. In this problem Alice prepares a two prime-dimensional particles state and avails one of the particles to the King who measures its state in one of mutually unbiased bases of his choice. The King tells Alice his choice of basis after she completes a control measurement on his particle. Conditioned on this knowledge, she now infers the state observed by the King by utilizing the outcome of her control measurement. In the extended mean King problem, studied in this paper, the King does not tell Alice his measurement basis, but instead …
We introduce several classes of quantum combinatorial designs, namely quantum Latin squares, cubes, hypercubes and a notion of orthogonality between them. A further introduced notion, quantum orthogonal arrays, generalizes all previous classes of designs. We show that mutually orthogonal quantum Latin arrangements can be entangled in the same way than quantum states are entangled. Furthermore, we show that such designs naturally define a remarkable class of genuinely multipartite highly entangled states called $k$-uniform, i.e. multipartite pure states such that every reduction to $k$ parties …
Our purpose is to determine the complete set of mutually orthogonal squares of order $d$, which are not necessary Latin. In this article, we introduce the concept of supersquare of order $d$, which is defined with the help of its generating subgroup in $\mathbb{F}_d\times \mathbb{F}_d$. We present a method of construction of the mutually orthogonal supersquares. Further, we investigate the orthogonality of extraordinary supersquares, a special family of squares, whose generating subgroups are extraordinary. The extraordinary subgroups in $\mathbb{F}_d\times \mathbb{F}_d$ are of great importanc…
The existence of non-classical orthogonal quantum Latin squares
针对量子拉丁方的特殊正交结构，本文提出幂等、自正交和带洞等概念及PBD、填洞构造，证明了多类非经典MOQLS(v)与SOQLS(v)除少数例外值外均存在。
Mutually unbiased bases which is also maximally entangled bases is called mutually unbiased maximally entangled bases (MUMEBs). We study the construction of MUMEBs in bipartite system. In detail, we construct 2(p^a-1) MUMEBs in C^d\otimes C^d by properties of Guss sums for arbitrary odd d. It improves the known lower bound p^a-1 for odd d. Certainly, it also generalizes the lower bound 2(p^a-1) for d being a single prime power. Furthermore, we construct MUMEBs in C^d\otimes C^{kd} for general k>= 2 and odd d. We get the similar lower bounds as $k,b$ are both single prime powers. Particularly, …
The mean king problem is a quantum mechanical retrodiction problem, in which Alice has to name the outcome of an ideal measurement on a d-dimensional quantum system, made in one of (d+1) orthonormal bases, unknown to Alice at the time of the measurement. Alice has to make this retrodiction on the basis of the classical outcomes of a suitable control measurement including an entangled copy. We show that the existence of a strategy for Alice is equivalent to the existence of an overall joint probability distribution for (d+1) random variables, whose marginal pair distributions are fixed as the t…
In the King's Problem, a physicist is asked to prepare a d-state quantum system in any state of her choosing and give it to a king who measures one of (d+1) sets of mutually unbiased observables on it. The physicist is then allowed to make a control measurement on the system, following which the king reveals which set of observables he measured and challenges the physicist to predict correctly all the eigenvalues he found. This paper obtains an upper bound on the physicist's probability of success at this task if she is allowed to make measurements only on the system itself (the "conventional"…
Thirty-six quantum officers are entangled
本文证明在不允许纠缠的情况下，阶数为六的互正交量子拉丁方不存在，提出了量子拉丁方在解决欧拉三十六军官问题中的应用。
We study the connection between mutually unbiased bases and mutually orthogonal extraordinary supersquares, a wider class of squares which does not contain only the Latin squares. We show that there are four types of complete sets of mutually orthogonal extraordinary supersquares for the dimension $d=8$. We introduce the concept of physical striation and show that this is equivalent to the extraordinary supersquare. The general algorithm for obtaining the mutually unbiased bases and the physical striations is constructed and it is shown that the complete set of mutually unbiased physical stria…
Finite geometry is used to underpin finite, two d-dimensional particles Hilbert space, d=prime 6= 2. A central role is allotted to states with mutual unbiased bases (MUB) labeling. Dual affine plane geometry (DAPG) points underpin single particle, MUB labeled, product states. The DAPG lines are shown to underpin maximally entangled states which form an orthonormal basis spanning the space. The relevance of mutually unbiased collective coordinates bases (MUCB) for dealing with maximally entangled states is discussed and shown to provide an economic alternative mode of study. These maximally ent…
The structural connections between the Kochen-Specker (KS) theorem, pre- and post-selection (PPS) paradoxes, and anomalous weak values are explored in detail. All PPS paradoxes, such as the 3-box paradox, the Quantum Cheshire Cat, and the Quantum Pigeonhole principle, construct a particular type of ontological model that assigns an eigenvalue to each observable (independent of context) of a system such that these assignments are consistent with the PPS. It is shown that such an ontological model must be explicitly contextual in the sense of the KS theorem, or otherwise implies either a restric…
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