We derived an asymptotic bound the accuracy of the estimation when we use the quantum correlation in the measuring apparatus. It is also proved that this bound can be achieved in any model in the quantum two-level system. Moreover, we show that this bound of such a model cannot be attained by any quantum measurement with no quantum correlation in the measuring apparatus. That is, in such a model, the quantum correlation can improve the accuracy of the estimation in an asymptotic setting.
We give a rigorous treatment on the foundation of the first order asymptotic theory of quantum estimation, with tractable and reasonable regularity conditions. Different from past works, we do not use Fisher information nor MLE, and an optimal estimator is constructed based on locally unbiased estimators. Also, we treat state estimation by local operations and classical communications (LOCC), and estimation of quantum operations.
The impossibility of perfect cloning and state estimation are two fundamental results in Quantum Mechanics. It has been conjectured that quantum cloning becomes equivalent to state estimation in the asymptotic regime where the number of clones tends to infinity. We prove this conjecture using two known results of Quantum Information Theory: the monogamy of quantum correlations and the properties of entanglement breaking channels.
For the precise estimation of the unknown quantum state, the independent samples should be prepared. Can we reduce the error of the estimation by the measurement using the quantum correlation between every sample? In this paper, this question is treated in the parameter estimation for the unknown state.
The optimization of measurement for n samples of pure sates are studied. The error of the optimal measurement for n samples is asymptotically compared with the one of the maximum likelihood estimators from n data given by the optimal measurement for one sample.
Concerning state estimation, we will compare two cases. In one case we cannot use the quantum correlations between samples. In the other case, we can use them. In addition, under the later case, we will propose a method which simultaneously measures the complex amplitude and the expected photon number for the displaced thermal states.
We study the joint estimation of multiple Rabi frequencies in a multilevel system. By analytically identifying the optimal probe state and the optimal measurement, we obtain the highest precision limit for the joint estimation of multiple Rabi frequencies. We show that the joint estimation does not always outperform the separate estimation. In different regimes the joint estimation can either outperform or underperform the separate estimation. We further show that if additional adaptive quantum controls are allowed then the advantage of the joint estimation over the separate estimation can be …
We study the issue of simultaneous estimation of several phase shifts induced by commuting operators on a quantum state. We derive the optimal positive operator-valued measure corresponding to the multiple-phase estimation. In particular, we discuss the explicit case of the optimal detection of double phase for a system of identical qutrits and generalise these results to optimal multiple phase detection for d-dimensional quantum states.
We establish a connection between optimal quantum cloning and optimal state estimation for d-dimensional quantum systems. In this way we derive an upper limit on the fidelity of state estimation for d-dimensional pure quantum states and, furthermore, for generalized inputs supported on the symmetric subspace.
We identify optimal measurement strategies for phase estimation in different scenarios. For pure states of a single qubit, we show that optimal measurements form a broad set parametrized with a continuous variable. When the state is mixed this set reduces to merely two possible measurements. For two qubits, we focus on the symmetric Werner state. We find an optimal measurement and show that estimation from the population imbalance is optimal only if the state is pure. Finally, for a pure state of $N$ qubits, we finds under which conditions the estimation from the full $N$-body correlation and …
We address the problem of optimal estimation of the relative phase for two-dimensional quantum systems in mixed states. In particular, we derive the optimal measurement procedures for an arbitrary number of qubits prepared in the same mixed state.
We present the optimal estimation of an unknown squeezing transformation of the radiation field. The optimal estimation is unbiased and is obtained by properly considering the degeneracy of the squeezing operator. For coherent input states, the r.m.s. of the estimation scales as $(2\sqrt {\bar n})^{-1}$ versus the average photon number $\bar n$, while it can be enhanced to $(2\bar n)^{-1}$ by using displaced squeezed states.
We investigate simultaneous estimation of multi-parameter quantum estimation with time-dependent Hamiltonians. We analytically obtain the maximal quantum Fisher information matrix for two-parameter in time-dependent three-level systems. The optimal coherent control scheme is proposed to increase the estimation precisions. In a example of a spin-1 particle in a uniformly rotating magnetic field, the optimal coherent Hamiltonians for different parameters can be chosen to be completely same. However, in general, the optimal coherent Hamiltonians for different parameters are incompatibility. In th…
We explore the task of optimal quantum channel identification, and in particular the estimation of a general one parameter quantum process. We derive new characterizations of optimality and apply the results to several examples including the qubit depolarizing channel and the harmonic oscillator damping channel. We also discuss the geometry of the problem and illustrate the usefulness of using entanglement in process estimation.
We address the problem of the optimal quantum estimation of the coupling parameter of a bilinear interaction, such as the transmittivity of a beam splitter or the internal phase-shift of an interferometer. The optimal measurement scheme exhibits Heisenberg scaling of the measurement precision versus the total energy.
We undertake a detailed study of the performance of maximum likelihood (ML) estimators of the density matrix of finite-dimensional quantum systems, in order to interrogate generic properties of frequentist quantum state estimation. Existing literature on frequentist quantum estimation has not rigorously examined the finite sample performance of the estimators and associated methods of hypothesis testing. While ML is usually preferred on the basis of its asymptotic properties - it achieves the Cramer-Rao (CR) lower bound - the finite sample properties are often less than optimal. We compare the…
We present the experimental realization of the optimal estimation protocol for a Pauli noisy channel. The method is based on the generation of 2-qubit Bell states and the introduction of quantum noise in a controlled way on one of the state subsystems. The efficiency of the optimal estimation, achieved by a Bell measurement, is shown to outperform quantum process tomography.
We derive analytical formula for the optimal trade-off between the mean estimation fidelity and the mean fidelity of the qubit state after a partial measurement on N identically prepared qubits. We also conjecture analytical expression for the optimal fidelity trade-off in case of a partial measurement on N identical copies of a d-level system.
We develop an asymptotic theory of estimation of a shift parameter in a pure quantum state to study the relation between entangled and unentangled covariant estimates in the analytically most transparent way. After recollecting basics of estimation of shift parameter in Sec. 2, we study the structure of the optimal covariant estimate in Sec. 3, showing how entanglement comes into play for several independent trials. In Secs. 4,5 we give the asymptotics of the performance of the optimal covariant estimate comparing it with the ``semiclassical'' unentangled covariant estimation in the regular ca…
We address the interaction-time optimization for frequency estimation in a two-level system. The goal is to estimate with maximum precision a stochastic perturbation. Our approach is valid for any figure of merit used to define optimality, and is illustrated for the variance and entropy. For the entropy, we clarify the connection to maximum-likelihood estimation. We devise novel estimation protocols with and without feedback. They outperform common protocols given in the literature. We design a probabilistic self-consistent protocol as an optimal estimation without feedback. It can improve cur…
