arXiv quant-ph/04090972004-09quant-ph

Fock态的隐相;量子非局域效应

The hidden phase of Fock states; quantum non-local effects

Franck Laloë

备注：: a factor 1/2 added in equation (9); reference (30) completed, DOI added
发表信息：: European Physical Journal D 33 (2005) 87-97
DOI：: 10.1140/epjd/e2005-00014-0

摘要：

我们重新讨论了在测量的影响下，玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚体之间如何自发地出现确定的相位的问题。我们首先考虑一个系统，这是并列的两个子系统在Fock状态与高人口，并假设连续的个人位置测量进行。最初，相对相位完全不确定，并且在第一次位置测量中不发生干扰效应。但是，当连续的测量值累积时，相对相位变得越来越清楚，并且出现了清晰的干涉图案。事实证明，所有观察到的结果都可以用一个预先存在但完全未知的相对相位来解释，这个相对相位在实验过程中保持完全恒定。然后，我们将结果推广到更多的凝聚。我们还考虑了除纯Fock态以外的其他初始量子态，并区分了量子态的本征相位和测量诱导的相位。最后，我们研究了自旋态的多重凝聚的情况。我们讨论了一个奇怪的量子效应，其中少量粒子的自旋角动量的测量可以在一个更大的粒子集合中诱导一个大的角动量，即使在任意距离。这种自旋的可观测性可以是宏观的，可以用测量仪器的指针来表示，它特别清楚地说明了量子力学的非定域性。

英文摘要：

We revisit the question of how a definite phase between Bose-Einstein condensates can spontaneously appear under the effect of measurements. We first consider a system that is the juxtaposition of two subsystems in Fock states with high populations, and assume that successive individual position measurements are performed. Initially, the relative phase is totally undefined, and no interference effect takes place in the first position measurement. But, while successive measurements are accumulated, the relative phase becomes better and better known, and a clear interference pattern emerges. It turns out that all observed results can be interpreted in terms of a pre-existing, but totally unknown, relative phase, which remains exactly constant during the experiment. We then generalize the results to more condensates. We also consider other initial quantum states than pure Fock states, and distinguish between intrinsic phase of a quantum state and phase induced by measurements. Finally, we examine the case of multiple condensates of spin states. We discuss a curious quantum effect, where the measurement of the spin angular momentum of a small number of particles can induce a big angular momentum in a much larger assembly of particles, even at an arbitrary distance. This spin observable can be macroscopic, assimilable to the pointer of a measurement apparatus, which illustrates the non-locality of quantum mechanics with particular clarity.

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