Nguyen Ba An
We propose an entanglement-based protocol for two people to simultaneously exchange their messages. We show that the protocol is asymptotically secure against the disturbance attack, the intercept-and-resend attack and the entangle-and-measure attack. Our protocol is experimentally feasible within current technologies.
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In 2004, Ba An Nguyen [Phys. Lett. A 328, 6-10] has presented a Quantum Dialogue scheme for simultaneously communicating their messages. In this comment, we show that the quantum dialogue scheme is not secure against the intercept-and-resend attack and we propose a modified scheme which is secure against that attack.
In this comment we point out that the 'quantum dialogue' (Phys. Lett. A (in press); quant-ph/0406130) can be eavesdropped under the intercept-and-resend attack. We also give a revised control mode to detect this attack.
We prove explicitly that the detection probability of the disturbance attack in the recently proposed quantum dialogue protocol is 3/4 in average. The purpose is not only to reply a comment but also to provide a deeper understanding of a kind of tampering in an unauthorized communication.
How to solve the information leakage problem has become the research focus of quantum dialogue. In this paper, in order to overcome the information leakage problem in quantum dialogue, a novel approach for sharing the initial quantum state privately between communicators, i.e., quantum encryption sharing, is proposed by utilizing the idea of quantum encryption. The proposed protocol uses EPR pairs as the private quantum key to encrypt and decrypt the traveling photons, which can be repeatedly used after rotation. Due to quantum encryption sharing, the public announcement on the state of the in…
In this paper, a kind of quantum dialogue (QD) protocols without information leakage assisted by quantum operation is proposed. The participant in charge of preparation can automatically know the collapsed states after quantum operation performed on the prepared quantum states. The other participant is able to know the collapsed states derived from the prepared quantum states through quantum measurement. The information leakage problem is avoided by means of imposing auxiliary quantum operation on the prepared quantum states.
We present a quantum dialogue protocol by using the Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state. In this paper, we point out that the `quantum dialogue' communication scheme recently introduced by Nguyen can be eavesdropped on under an intercept-and-resend attack. We also give a revised control mode to detect this attack. Hence, within the present version two users can exchange their secret messages securely and simultaneously, and the efficiency of information transmission can be successfully increased.
Intrinsic symmetry of the existing protocols of quantum dialogue are explored. It is shown that if we have a set of mutually orthogonal $n$-qubit states {\normalsize $\{|ϕ_{0}>,|ϕ_{1}>,....,|ϕ_{i}<,...,|ϕ_{2^{n}-1}>\}$ and a set of $m-qubit$ ($m\leq n$) unitary operators $\{U_{0},U_{2},...,U_{2^{n}-1}\}:U_{i}|ϕ_{0}>=|ϕ_{i}>$ and $\{U_{0},U_{2},...,U_{2^{n}-1}\}$ forms a group under multiplication then it would be sufficient to construct a quantum dialogue protocol using this set of quantum states and this group of unitary operators}. The sufficiency condition is used to provide a generalized p…
In this paper, a secure quantum dialogue protocol via cavity QED is suggested by using the evolution law of atom in cavity QED. The present protocol employs both the two-step transmission and the unitary operation encoding. Two security checks are adopted to ensure its transmission security against the active attacks from an outside eavesdropper. The present protocol avoids the information leakage problem by using the entanglement swapping between any two Bell states via cavity QED together with the shared secret Bell state. Compared with the previous information leakage resistant quantum dial…
Classical communications are used in the post-processing procedure of quantum key distribution. Since the security of quantum key distribution is based on the principles of quantum mechanics, intuitively the secret key can only be derived from the quantum states. We find that classical communications are incorrectly used in the so-called quantum dialogue type protocols. In these protocols, public communications are used to transmit secret messages. Our calculations show that half of Alice's and Bob's secret message is leaked through classical channel. By applying Holevo bound, we can see that …
In this comment, we want to emphasize that when the state of the two qubit is $|0>_{B}|1>_{A}$ or $|1>_{A}|0>_{B}$, Bob's Bell basis measurement outcome can not be $|ϕ^{\pm}>$. Also, when the product state is $|0> |0>$ or $|1> |1>$, Bob's measurement outcome can not be $|ψ^{\pm}>$.
This dialogue took place at Växjö, 19 November 2001. The main aim of our meeting in Växjö was to clarify our viewpoints on foundations of quantum mechanics. The most attractive in our discussion was the extreme difference in our quantum experiences. On one side, pure mathematician (specializing in foundations of probability theory), Andrei Khrennikov; on the other side, pure experimenter (specializing in neutron and electron interferometry), Johann Summhammer. On one hand, an attempt to test mathematical models for larger and larger domains of physical reality. On the other hand, an attempt to…
A continuous variable controlled quantum dialogue scheme is proposed. The scheme is further modified to obtain two other protocols of continuous variable secure multiparty computation. The first one of these protocols provides a solution of two party socialist millionaire problem, while the second protocol provides a solution for a special type of multi-party socialist millionaire problem which can be viewed as a protocol for multiparty quantum private comparison. It is shown that the proposed scheme of continuous variable controlled quantum dialogue can be performed using bipartite entangleme…
From the perspective of information theory and cryptography, we analyze the security of two quantum dialogue protocols and a bidirectional quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) protocol, and point out that the transmitted information would be partly leaked out in them. That is, any eavesdropper can elicit some information about the secrets from the public annunciations of the legal users. This phenomenon should have been strictly forbidden in a quantum secure communication. In fact, this problem exists in quite a few recent proposals and, therefore, it deserves more research attention in …
A notion of asymmetric quantum dialogue (AQD) is introduced. Conventional protocols of quantum dialogue are essentially symmetric as both the users (Alice and Bob) can encode the same amount of classical information. In contrast, the scheme for AQD introduced here provides different amount of communication powers to Alice and Bob. The proposed scheme, offers an architecture, where the entangled state and the encoding scheme to be shared between Alice and Bob depends on the amount of classical information they want to exchange with each other. The general structure for the AQD scheme has been o…
In this paper, a novel information leakage resistant quantum dialogue (QD) protocol with single photons in both polarization and spatial-mode degrees of freedom is proposed, which utilizes quantum encryption technology to overcome the information leakage problem. In the proposed QD protocol, during the transmission process, the single photons in both polarization and spatial-mode degrees of freedom used for encoding two communicants' private classical bits are protected by both quantum encryption technology and decoy photon technology. For avoiding the information leakage problem, the initial …
Semi-quantum protocols that allow some of the users to remain classical are proposed for a large class of problems associated with secure communication and secure multiparty computation. Specifically, first time semi-quantum protocols are proposed for key agreement, controlled deterministic secure communication and dialogue, and it is shown that the semi-quantum protocols for controlled deterministic secure communication and dialogue can be reduced to semi-quantum protocols for e-commerce and private comparison (socialist millionaire problem), respectively. Complementing with the earlier propo…
Two fault tolerant authenticated quantum dialogue (AQD) protocols are proposed in this paper by employing logical Bell states as the quantum resource, which combat the collective-dephasing noise and the collective-rotation noise, respectively. The two proposed protocols each can accomplish the mutual identity authentication and the dialogue between two participants simultaneously and securely over one kind of collective noise channels. In each of two proposed protocols, the information transmitted through the classical channel is assumed to be eavesdroppable and modifiable. The key for choosin…
In this paper, two fault tolerant channel-encrypting quantum dialogue (QD) protocols against collective noise are presented. One is against collective-dephasing noise, while the other is against collective-rotation noise. The decoherent-free states, each of which is composed of two physical qubits, act as traveling states combating collective noise. Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen pairs, which play the role of private quantum key, are securely shared between two participants over a collective-noise channel in advance. Through encryption and decryption with private quantum key, the initial state of eac…
Very recently, the experimental demonstration of Quantum Secure Direct Communication (QSDC) with state-of-the-art atomic quantum memory has been reported (Phys. Rev. Lett., 2017). Quantum Dialogue (QD) falls under QSDC where the secrete messages are communicated simultaneously between two legitimate parties. The successful experimental demonstration of QSDC opens up the possibilities for practical implementation of QD protocols. Thus, it is necessary to analyze the practical security issues of QD protocols for future implementation. Since the very first proposal for QD by Nguyen (Phys. Lett. A…
Quantum Dialogue through Non-destructive Discrimination of Cluster State
通过非破坏性簇态鉴别实现高效量子对话，利用稳定器性质和单粒子错误校正提升安全性与鲁棒性。
A controversy that has arisen many times over in disparate contexts is whether quantum coherences between eigenstates of certain quantities are fact or fiction. We present a pedagogical introduction to the debate in the form of a hypothetical dialogue between proponents from each of the two camps: a factist and a fictionist. A resolution of the debate can be achieved, we argue, by recognizing that quantum states do not only contain information about the intrinsic properties of a system but about its extrinsic properties as well, that is, about its relation to other systems external to it. Spec…
In order to avoid the risk of information leakage during the information mutual transmission between two authorized participants, i.e., Alice and Bob, a quantum dialogue protocol based on the entanglement swapping between any two Bell states and the shared secret Bell state is proposed. The proposed protocol integrates the ideas of block transmission, two-step transmission and unitary operation encoding together using the Bell states as the information carriers. Besides the entanglement swapping between any two Bell states, a shared secret Bell state is also used to overcome the information le…
In this paper, a novel quantum dialogue (QD) protocol is proposed based on single photons in both polarization and spatial-mode degrees of freedom. In the proposed QD protocol, the initial states of single photons in both polarization and spatial-mode degrees of freedom used for encoding are privately shared between two communicants through the direct transmissions of their auxiliary counterparts from one communicant to another. As a result, the information leakage problem is avoided. Moreover, the detailed security analysis also shows that the proposed QD protocol can resist Eve's several fam…
We introduce an original model of quantum phenomena, a model that provides a picture of a "deep structure", an "underlying pattern" of quantum dynamics. We propose that the source of a particle and all of that particle's possible detectors "talk" before the particle is finally observed by just one detector. These talks do not take place in physical time. They occur in what we call "hidden time". Talks are spatially organized in such a way that the model reproduces standard quantum probability amplitudes. This is most obviously seen if one uses R. Feynman's formulation of quantum theory. We pre…
In this paper, two information leakage resistant quantum dialogue (QD) protocols over a collective-noise channel are proposed. Decoherence-free subspace (DFS) is used to erase the influence from two kinds of collective noise, i.e., collective-dephasing noise and collective-rotation noise, where each logical qubit is composed of two physical qubits and free from noise. In each of the two proposed protocols, the secret messages are encoded on the initial logical qubits via two composite unitary operations. Moreover, the single-photon measurements rather than the Bell-state measurements or the mo…
This paper is an introduction to the ideas of Bohmian mechanics, an interpretation of quantum mechanics in which the observer plays no fundamental role. Bohmian mechanics describes, instead of probabilities of measurement results, objective microscopic events. In recent years, Bohmian mechanics has attracted increasing attention by researchers. The form of a dialogue allows me to address questions about the Bohmian view that often arise.
With the emergence of quantum computing and quantum networks, many communication protocols that take advantage of the unique properties of quantum mechanics to achieve a secure bidirectional exchange of information, have been proposed. In this study, we propose a new quantum communication protocol, called Continuous Quantum Secure Dialogue (CQSD), that allows two parties to continuously exchange messages without halting while ensuring the privacy of the conversation. Compared to existing protocols, CQSD improves the efficiency of quantum communication. In addition, we offer an implementation o…
Quantum Thermodynamics is a continuous dialogue between two independent theories: Thermodynamics and Quantum Mechanics. Whenever the two theories addressed the same phenomena new insight has emerged. We follow the dialogue from equilibrium Quantum Thermodynamics and the notion of entropy and entropy inequalities which are the base of the II-law. Dynamical considerations lead to non-equilibrium thermodynamics of quantum Open Systems. The central part played by completely positive maps is discussed leading to the Gorini-Kossakowski-Lindblad-Sudarshan GKLS equation. We address the connection to t…
Quantum dialogue is a process of two way secure and simultaneous communication using a single channel. Recently, a Measurement Device Independent Quantum Dialogue (MDI-QD) protocol has been proposed (Quantum Information Processing 16.12 (2017): 305). To make the protocol secure against information leakage, the authors have discarded almost half of the qubits remaining after the error estimation phase. In this paper, we propose two modified versions of the MDI-QD protocol such that the number of discarded qubits is reduced to almost one-fourth of the remaining qubits after the error estimation …
In this paper, we propose two semi-quantum dialogue (SQD) protocols by using single photons as the quantum carriers, where one requires the classical party to possess the measurement capability and the other does not have this requirement. The security towards active attacks from an outside Eve in the first SQD protocol is guaranteed by the complete robustness of present semi-quantum key distribution (SQKD) protocols, the classical one-time pad encryption, the classical party's randomization operation and the decoy photon technology. The information leakage problem of the first SQD protocol is…
In this paper two different approaches to unification will be compared, Relational Blockworld (RBW) and Hiley's implicate order. Both approaches are monistic in that they attempt to derive matter and spacetime geometry 'at once' in an interdependent and background independent fashion from something underneath both quantum theory and relativity. Hiley's monism resides in the implicate order via Clifford algebras and is based on process as fundamental while RBW's monism resides in spacetimematter via path integrals over graphs whereby space, time and matter are co-constructed per a global constr…
Many advocates of the Everettian interpretation consider that theirs is the only approach to take quantum mechanics really seriously, and that this approach allows to deduce a fantastic scenario for our reality, one that consists of an infinite number of parallel worlds that branch out continuously. In this article, written in dialogue form, we suggest that quantum mechanics can be taken even more seriously, if the 'many-worlds' view is replaced by a 'many-measurements' view. This allows not only to derive the Born rule, thus solving the measurement problem, but also to deduce a one-world 'non…
How Alice, long before her time, derived the principles of quantum mechanics
该研究通过哲学视角探讨量子力学原理可能源于经典理论中测量行为的逻辑必要性，而非依赖量子特性。
Phys and Math are two colleagues at the University of Sa{\c c}enbon (Crefan Kingdom), dialoguing about the remarkable efficiency of mathematics for physics. They talk about the notches on the Ishango bone, the various uses of psi in maths and physics, they arrive at dessins d'enfants, moonshine concepts, Rademacher sums and their significance in the quantum world. You should not miss their eccentric proposal of relating Bell's theorem to the Baby Monster group. Their hyperbolic polygons show a considerable singularity/cusp structure that our modern age of computers is able to capture. Henri Po…
We propose a quantum expected value theory for decision-making under uncertainty. Quantum density operator as value operator is proposed to simulate people's subjective beliefs. Value operator guides people to choose corresponding actions based on their subjective beliefs through objective world. The value operator can be constructed from quantum gates and logic operations as a quantum decision tree. The genetic programming is used to optimize and auto-generate quantum decision trees.
Continuous variable one-way and controlled-two-way secure direct quantum communication schemes have been designed using Gaussian states. Specifically, a scheme for continuous variable quantum secure direct communication and another scheme for continuous variable controlled quantum dialogue are proposed using single-mode squeezed coherent states. The security of the proposed schemes against a set of attacks (e.g., Gaussian quantum cloning machine and intercept resend attacks) has been proved. Further, it is established that the proposed schemes do not require two-mode squeezed states which are …
The Web Summit conference in Lisbon, Portugal, is one of the biggest technology conferences in Europe, attended by tens of thousands of people every year. The high influx of people into Lisbon causes significant stress on the city's transit services for the duration of the conference. For the Web Summit 2019, Volkswagen AG partnered with the city of Lisbon for a pilot project to provide quantum computing-based traffic optimization. A two-phase solution was implemented: the first phase used data science techniques to analyze the movement of people from previous conferences to build temporary ne…
A brief dialogue about quantum entanglement (in Spanish).
The operator algebra of fermionic modes is isomorphic to that of qubits, the difference between them is twofold: the embedding of subalgebras corresponding to mode subsets and multiqubit subsystems on the one hand, and the parity superselection in the fermionic case on the other. We discuss these two fundamental differences extensively, and illustrate these through the Jordan--Wigner representation in a coherent, self-contained, pedagogical way, from the point of view of quantum information theory. Our perspective leads us to develop useful new tools for the treatment of fermionic systems, suc…
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