粒子在哪里？
Where was the particle?
摘要：
空/满波假设认为探测器中的点击是由撞击该探测器的波包所携带的属性触发的。不同的作者称这种性质为粒子，但根据这一假设的术语，本文使用的术语是全波。本文讨论了空/全波假说的有效性。它示出的能量守恒原理施加一个完整的波从源到检测器的连续轨迹。这就给这个问题提供了合理性--如果波函数由两个空间分离的分支组成--在探测器发出咔哒声之前，哪个波包是一个完整的波，或者用其他作者的术语来说，在探测器发出咔哒声之前，粒子在哪里。这个问题是一个反事实的问题。在一些多粒子实验中，例如哈代的一个电子和一个正电子的思想实验，空波/全波假设和反事实推理的结合导致了与量子理论的预测相矛盾。然而，它在这里表明，这个矛盾是可以解决的，如果局部性要求放宽。对于与局部隐变量的区别，至少目前还不可能证明或反驳空/全波的想法。但是，我们有可能问，这个假说是否为量子难题提供了一个解决方案。答案是否定的。例如，它没有提供before-before循环的解决方案。空波/全波假说是正确的，还是“上帝掷骰子”的问题仍然悬而未决。
英文摘要：
The hypothesis of empty/full waves considers that a click in a detector is triggered by a property carried by the wave-packet that impinges on that detector. Different authors call this property particle, but according to the terminology of this hypothesis, the term full wave is used in this text. The present article discusses the validity of the empty/full waves hypothesis. It is shown that the energy conservation principle imposes for a full wave a continuous trajectory from the source to the detector. That gives legitimacy to the question -- in case the wave function consists in a couple of space-separated branches -- which wave-packet was a full wave before the click in the detector, or, in other authors' terminology, where was the particle before the detector clicked. This question is a counterfactual question. In some multi-particle experiments, e.g. Hardy's thought-experiment with an electron and a positron, the combination of the empty/full waves hypothesis and counterfactual reasoning leads to a contradiction with the predictions of the quantum theory. However, it is shown here that this contradiction is solvable if the locality requirement is relaxed. To the difference from the local hidden variables, it is not possible to prove or disprove the idea of empty/ full waves, at least at present. But it is possible to ask whether this hypothesis offers a solution to the quantum puzzles. The answer is negative. For instance it offers no solution to the before-before loop. The question remains open whether the empty/full waves hypothesis is correct, or "God plays dice".
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
