量子力学中的负观测
Negative Observations in Quantum Mechanics
摘要：
在量子力学中，可以在观察者和被测物理实体之间没有物理相互作用的情况下进行影响物理实体的观察。Epstein（1945）和Renninger（1960）讨论了这种情况，Renninger称这种类型的观察为“消极观察”。关于电子搁置的实证研究支持了负面观察的可能性（Bergquist，Hulet，Itano和Wineland，1986; Nagourney，Sandberg和Dehmelt，1986; Sauter，Neuhauser，Blatt和Toschek，1986）。两种情况下，强调人类观察的负面意见的作用。第一个模型是仿照费曼、莱顿和桑兹（1965）的两孔格丹肯实验，以非技术性的方式描绘负面观察结果。第二种情况允许以简单的方式量化负面观察对物理实体的影响。此外，还讨论了与消极意见有关的各种问题，包括可能提出的反对意见。对薛定谔猫量子实验也作了简要的讨论。
英文摘要：
In quantum mechanics, it is possible to make observations that affect physical entities without there being a physical interaction between the observer and the physical entity measured. Epstein (1945) and Renninger (1960) discussed this situation, and Renninger called this type of observation a "negative observation." Empirical research on electron shelving supports the possibility of negative observations (Bergquist, Hulet, Itano, and Wineland, 1986; Nagourney, Sandberg, and Dehmelt, 1986; Sauter, Neuhauser, Blatt, and Toschek, 1986). Two scenarios are presented that emphasize the role of human observation in negative observations. The first is modeled after the two hole gedankenexperiments of Feynman, Leighton, and Sands (1965) and portrays negative observations in a non-technical manner. The second scenario allows for quantifying the affect on physical entities of negative observations in a simple fashion. In addition, various issues related to negative observation are discussed, including an objection that might be raised. The Schrodinger cat gedankenexperiment is discussed briefly as well.
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