Design and Operation of Front-End Electronics for the HERA-B Muon Detector
M. Buchler, W. Funk, A. Gutierrez, R. F. Harr, P. E. Karchin, P. Liu, S. Nam, J. G. Shiu, S. F. Takach, M. Atiya, D. Padrazo, A. Arefiev, S. Barsuk, F. Khasanov… 展开作者
M. Buchler, W. Funk, A. Gutierrez, R. F. Harr, P. E. Karchin, P. Liu, S. Nam, J. G. Shiu, S. F. Takach, M. Atiya, D. Padrazo, A. Arefiev, S. Barsuk, F. Khasanov, L. Laptin, V. Tchoudakov, I. Tichimirov, M. Titov, Y. Zaitsev
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9 pages, 13 figures; submitted to IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science; to appear in Conference Record of 1998 IEEE NSS in Toronto
We have implemented a cost-effective design for the readout electronics of both the anode wires and the cathode pads of large area proportional wire chambers for the HERA-B muon system based on the ASD-08 integrated circuit. To control and monitor the large number of readout channels, we have built a distributed control system based on Philips Semiconductors' I2C bus and microcontrollers. To date we have installed about 10800 channels of muon chambers and electronics. The average single channel noise occupancy is less than 10**-5, and the detectors have been operated with target interaction rates as high as 70 MHz.
The HERA-B Outer Tracker is a large detector with 112674 drift chamber channels. It is exposed to a particle flux of up to 2x10^5/cm^2/s thus coping with conditions similar to those expected for the LHC experiments. The front-end readout system, based on the ASD-8 chip and a customized TDC chip, is designed to fulfil the requirements on low noise, high sensitivity, rate tolerance, and high integration density. The TDC system is based on an ASIC which digitizes the time in bins of about 0.5 ns within a total of 256 bins. The chip also comprises a pipeline to store data from 128 events which is …
A new method has been developed to check the correct behaviour of the frontend electronics of the LHCb muon detector. This method is based on the measurement of the electronic noise rate at different thresholds of the frontend discriminator. The method was used to choose the optimal discriminator thresholds. A procedure based on this method was implemented in the detector control system and allowed the detection of a small percentage of frontend channels which had deteriorated. A Monte Carlo simulation has been performed to check the validity of the method.
The Large Hadron Collider is currently undergoing its High Luminosity upgrade, which is set to increase the instantaneous luminosity by about a factor of five. Consequently, the Compact Muon Solenoid experiment is upgrading its muon spectrometer to cope with the increased muon flux in the forward region. The GE2/1 triple-Gas Electron Multiplier detector, which has recently entered the mass production phase, and the ME0 triple-GEM detector system, which is in the late prototyping phase, are undergoing electronics integration. These proceedings briefly discuss the frontend electronics for the GE…
A method is described which allows to deduce the dead-time of the front-end electronics of the LHCb muon detector from a series of measurements performed at different luminosities at a bunch-crossing rate of 20 MHz. The measured values of the dead-time range from 70 ns to 100 ns. These results allow to estimate the performance of the muon detector at the future bunch-crossing rate of 40 MHz and at higher luminosity.
In this paper we describe the operation and performance of the HERA-B Outer Tracker, a 112674 channel system of planar drift tube layers. The performance of the HERA-B Outer Tracker system fullfilled all requirements for stable and efficient operation in a hadronic environment, thus confirming the adequacy of the honeycomb drift tube technology and of the front-end readout system. The detector was stably operated with a gas gain of 30000 in an Ar/CF4/CO2 (65:30:5) gas mixture, yielding a good efficiency for triggering and track reconstruction, larger than 95 % for tracks with momenta above 5 G…
We report on the development of a front-end ASIC for silicon-strip detectors of the J-PARC Muon g-2/EDM experiment. This experiment aims to measure the muon anomalous magnetic moment and electric dipole moment precisely to explore new physics beyond the Standard Model. Since the time and momentum of positrons from muon decay are key information in the experiment, a fast response with high granularity is demanded to silicon-strip detectors as the positron tracker. The readout ASIC is thus required to tolerate a high hit rate of 1.4 MHz per strip and to have deep memory for the period of 40 us w…
The LHCb experiment(Fig. 1), that is presently taking data at CERN (European Center for Nuclear Research) Large Hadron Collider (LHC), aims at the study of CP violation in the B meson sector. Its key elements is the Muon detector [1], which allows triggering, and muon identification from inclusive b decays. The electronic system (Fig. 2) of the whole detector is very complex and its Muon detector Experiment Control System (ECS) allows monitoring and control of a number of Front-End boards in excess of 7000. The present system in charge of controlling Muon detector Front-End (FE) Electronics co…
During the LHC Run-I (2010-2013) and Run-II (2015-2018), the selection of interesting events for muon physics in ALICE was performed with a dedicated muon trigger system, based on 72 single-gap bakelite Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs), operated in maxi-avalanche mode (ADULT front-end electronics without amplification and a threshold of 7 mV). From Run-III (starting in 2021) on, in order to fully profit from the increased luminosity of Pb-Pb collisions, the ALICE experiment will run in continuous readout (triggerless) mode and the muon trigger system (MTR) will become a Muon Identifier (MID). T…
A high-intensity pulsed muon beam is becoming available at the at the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC). Many experiments to study fundamental physics using this high-intensity muon beam are proposed. An experiment to measure the muon magnetic moment anomaly ($g-2$) and the muon electric dipole moment (EDM) is one of these experiments and it requires a tracking detector for positrons from muon decay. Fine segmentation is required in a detector to tolerate the high rate of positrons. The time resolution is required to be much better than the muon anomalous spin precession perio…
As part of the Compact Muon Solenoid experiment Phase-II upgrade program, new Resistive Plate Chambers will be installed in the forward region. High background conditions are expected in this region during the high-luminosity phase of the Large Hadron Collider, therefore an improved RPC design has been proposed with a new front-end electronics to sustain a higher rate capability and better time resolution. A new technology is used in the front-end electronics resulting in very low achievable thresholds of the order of several fC. Crucial in the design of the improved RPC is the capability of a…
ALICE is the LHC experiment dedicated to the study of heavy-ion collisions. At forward rapidity a muon spectrometer detects muons from low mass mesons, quarkonia, open heavy-flavor hadrons as well as weak bosons. A muon selection based on transverse momentum is made by a trigger system composed of 72 resistive plate chambers (RPCs). For the LHC Run 1 and the ongoing Run 2 the RPCs have been equipped with a non-amplified FEE called ADULT. However, in view of an increase in luminosity expected for Run 3 (2021-2023) the possibility to use an amplified FEE has been explored in order to improve the…
In the context of the 2013 APS-DPF Snowmass summer study conducted by the U.S. HEP community, this white paper outlines a roadmap for further development of Micro-pattern Gas Detectors for tracking and muon detection in HEP experiments. We briefly discuss technical requirements and summarize current capabilities of these detectors with a focus of operation in experiments at the energy frontier in the medium-term to long-term future. Some key directions for future R&D on Micro-pattern Gas Detectors in the U.S. are suggested.
A dedicated front-end electronics has been developed for the trigger chambers of the ALICE muon spectrometer which will work at the future LHC at CERN. These trigger chambers are based on RPCs (Resistive Plate Chambers) working in streamer mode. The number of electronics channels (about 21000) and the fact that RPC pulsed signals have specific characteristics have led to design a 8 channels front-end ASIC using a new discrimination technique. The principle of the ASIC is described and the radiation hardness is discussed. Special emphasis is put on production characteristics of about 4000 chips…
The performance demands of future particle-physics experiments investigating the high-energy frontier pose a number of new challenges, forcing us to find new solutions for the detection, identification, and measurement of final-state particles in subnuclear collisions. One such challenge is the precise measurement of muon momenta at very high energy, where the curvature provided by conceivable magnetic fields in realistic detectors proves insufficient to achieve the desired resolution. In this work we show the feasibility of an entirely new avenue for the measurement of the energy of muons bas…
We propose a new fixed latency scheme for Xilinx gigabit transceivers that will be used in the upgrade of the ATLAS forward muon spectrometer at the Large Hadron Collider. The fixed latency scheme is implemented in a 4.8 Gbps link between a frontend data serializer ASIC and a packet router. To achieve fixed latency, we use IO delay and dedicated carry in resources in a Xilinx FPGA, while minimally relying on the embedded features of the FPGA transceivers. The scheme is protocol independent and can be adapted to FPGA from other vendors with similar resources. This paper presents a detailed impl…
The MUON Detector (MD) of LHCb is one of the largest instruments of this kind worldwide, and one of the most irradiated. It has performed exceptionally well during the RUN1 and RUN2 of the LHC at an instantaneous luminosity of 4$\times$10$^{32}$ cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$, with tracking inefficiencies at the level of 1$\%$ and 2.6$\%$, respectively. Looking forward for the future LHCb Upgrade 2 (U2) planned in 2031 and aiming in running the detector at increased luminosity by a factor $\sim$50, and at the same time keeping a very high ($\sim$99$\%$) detection efficiency, an option with reuse significan…
