狭义相对论中的超光速运动（和微波传播）：因果悖论的解
Superluminal motions (and microwave propagation) in Special Relativity: Solution of the causal paradoxes
摘要：
最近在伯克利、科隆、佛罗伦萨和维也纳进行的一些实验表明，有东西似乎以大于光速c的速度在真空中传播。其他各种实验结果似乎都指向同一个方向：例如，麦克斯韦方程组的局域小波型解已经被发现，无论是理论上还是实验上，都以超光速传播。甚至有人提出，μ子中微子和电子中微子也可能是“快子”，因为它们的平方质量似乎是负的;更不用说在类星体核心和最近在所谓的银河微类星体中观察到的明显的超光速膨胀了。本文第一部分从麦克斯韦方程组的数值解出发，证明了沿微波波导传播的波可以以超光速群速度传播，从而证实了前面所提到的一些实验结果。那么，我们就不得不面对狭义相对论中的超光速运动问题。所有这些理论和实验结果并没有危及相对论因果关系，这一点并没有得到广泛的承认。例如，也有可能（至少在微观物理学中）解决已知的因果悖论，为“比光快”的运动而设计。在这里，我们展示，详细和严格，如何解决最古老的因果悖论，最初提出的托尔曼，这是许多进一步的快子悖论的核心。解决的关键是仔细应用快子力学，因为它明确地遵循狭义相对论。【科目：经典物理、狭义相对论、光学、普通物理、微波、倏逝波、隧道光子】
英文摘要：
Some recent experiments, performed at Berkeley, Cologne, Florence and Vienna led to the claim that something seems to travel with a speed larger than the speed c of light in vacuum. Various other experimental results seem to point in the same direction: For instance, localized wavelet-type solutions of Maxwell equations have been found, both theoretically and experimentally, that travel with Superluminal speed. Even muonic and electronic neutrinos --it has been proposed-- might be "tachyons", since their square mass appears to be negative; not to mention the apparent Superluminal expansions observed in the core of quasars and, recently, in the so-called galactic microquasars. In the first part of this paper we verify, on the basis of the numerical solution of Maxwell equations, that waves propagating down a microwave guide can travel with Superluminal group velocity, just confirming some of the previously mentioned experimental results. Then, we have to face the question of Superluminal motions within the theory of Special Relativity. It is not widely recognized that all such theoretical and experimental results do not place relativistic causality in jeopardy. For instance, it is possible (at least in microphysics) to solve also the known causal paradoxes, devised for "faster than light" motion. Here we show, in detail and rigorously, how to solve the oldest causal paradox, originally proposed by Tolman, which is the kernel of many further tachyon paradoxes. The key to the solution is a careful application of tachyon mechanics, as it unambiguously follows from Special Relativity. [Subj-classes: Classical Physics, Special Relativity, Optics, General Physics, Microwaves, Evanescent Waves, Tunnelling Photons]
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