This is the first paper of a five part work in which we study the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian structure of classical field theories with constraints. Our goal is to explore some of the connections between initial value constraints and gauge transformations in such theories (either relativistic or not). To do this, in the course of these four papers, we develop and use a number of tools from symplectic and multisymplectic geometry. Of central importance in our analysis is the notion of the ``energy-momentum map'' associated to the gauge group of a given classical field theory. We hope to demonstrate that many different and apparently unrelated facets of field theories can be thereby tied together and understood in an essentially new way.
In Part I we develop some of the basic theory of classical fields from a spacetime covariant viewpoint. We begin with a study of the covariant Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formalisms, on jet bundles and multisymplectic manifolds, respectively. Then we discuss symmetries, conservation laws, and Noether's theorem in terms of ``covariant momentum maps.''
In previous paper derivations of the Green function have been given for 5D off-shell electrodynamics in the framework of the manifestly covariant relativistic dynamics of Stueckelberg (with invariant evolution parameter $τ$). In this paper, we reconcile these derivations resulting in different explicit forms, and relate our results to the conventional fundamental solutions of linear 5D wave equations published in the mathematical literature. We give physical arguments for the choice of the Green function retarded in the fifth variable $τ$.
We provide geometric quantization of the vertical cotangent bundle V^*Q equipped with the canonical Poisson structure. This is a momentum phase space of non-relativistic mechanics with the configuration bundle Q -> R. The goal is the Schrodinger representation of V^*Q. We show that this quantization is equivalent to the fibrewise quantization of symplectic fibres of V^*Q -> R, that makes the quantum algebra of non-relativistic mechanics an instantwise algebra. Quantization of the classical evolution equation defines a connection on this instantwise algebra, which provides quantum evolution in …
A space-time symmetric and explicitly Lorentz covariant path integral formalism of relativistic quantum mechanics is proposed, which produces partial locally correlations of quantum processes of massive particles with the velocity of light at low energy limits. A superluminal correlation is also possible if anti-particles that moving along reverse time direction are excited. This provides a new point of view to interpret EPR experiments, also leaks a light of hope for hidden variable theories.
We consider questions related to quantizing complex valued functions defined on a locally compact topological group. In the case of bounded functions, we generalize R. Werner's approach to prove the characterization of the associated normal covariant quantization maps.
In this paper we study the relativistic quantum mechanical interpretation of the solution of the inhomogeneous Euclidean Bethe-Salpeter equation. Our goal is to determine conditions on the input to the Euclidean Bethe-Salpeter equation so the solution can be used to construct a model Hilbert space and a dynamical unitary representation of the Poincaré group. We prove three theorems that relate the stability of this construction to properties of the kernel and driving term of the Bethe-Salpeter equation. The most interesting result is that the positivity of the Hilbert space norm in the non-int…
We study classically the problem of two relativistic particles with an invariant Duffing-like potential which reduces to the usual Duffing form in the nonrelativistic limit. We use a special relativistic generalization (RGEM) of the geometric method (GEM) developed for the analysis of nonrelativistic Hamiltonian systems to study the local stability of a relativistic Duffing oscillator. Poincar'e plots of the simulated motion are consistent with the RGEM. We found a threshold for the external driving force required for chaotic behavior in the Minkowski spacetime.
We propose a fibre bundle formulation of the mathematical base of relativistic quantum mechanics. At the present stage the bundle form of the theory is equivalent to its conventional one, but it admits new types of generalizations in different directions. In the present, second, part of our investigation, we consider a covariant approach to bundle description of relativistic quantum mechanics. In it the wavefunctions are replaced with (state) sections of a suitably chosen vector bundle over space-time whose (standard) fibre is the space of the wavefunctions. Now the quantum evolution is descri…
Considering an extension of the principle of covarience to the action along a path in relativistic Lagrangian mechanics, we motivate the use of geometric -- i.e. covariant and parameter invariant -- Lagrangian functions. We then study some properties of geometric Lagrangians, and introduce the notion of deviation of a path, which is a covariant measure of how much a path departs from a geodesic. Finally, we apply this notion of the twin paradox, and provide a rigorous resolution of it.
We introduce a class of linear maps irreducibly covariant with respect to the finite group generated by the Weyl operators. This group provides a direct generalization of the quaternion group. In particular, we analyze the irreducibly covariant quantum channels; that is, the completely positive and trace-preserving linear maps. Interestingly, imposing additional symmetries leads to the so-called generalized Pauli channels, which were recently considered in the context of the non-Markovian quantum evolution. Finally, we provide examples of irreducibly covariant positive but not necessarily comp…
While internal space-time symmetries of relativistic particles are dictated by the little groups of the Poincaré group, it is possible to construct representations of the little group for massive particles starting from harmonic oscillator wave functions for the quark model. The resulting oscillator wave functions are covariant and can be Lorentz-boosted. It is thus possible to obtain the parton model by boosting the quark model. A review of Wigner's theory of the little groups is given. It is shown that the covariant oscillator wave functions become squeezed as as the system becomes boosted. …
We investigate the quantisation in the Heisenberg representation of a relativistically covariant version of the Hopfield model for dielectric media, which entails the interaction of the quantum electromagnetic field with the matter dipole fields. The matter fields are represented by a mesoscopic polarization field. A full quantisation of the model is provided in a covariant gauge, with the aim of maintaining explicit relativistic covariance. Breaking of the Lorentz invariance due to the intrinsic presence in the model of a preferred reference frame is also taken into account. Relativistic cova…
A generalization of the Choi-Jamiolkowski isomorphism for completely positive maps between operator algebras is introduced. Particular emphasis is placed on the case of normal unital completely positive maps defined between von Neumann algebras. This generalization is applied especially to the study of maps which are covariant under actions of a symmetry group. We highlight with the example of, e.g., phase-shift-covariant quantum channels the ease of this method in particular in the case of a compact symmetry group. We also discuss the case of channels which are covariant under actions of the …
We construct relativistic quantum Markov semigroups from covariant completely positive maps. We proceed by generalizing a step in Stinespring's dilation to a general system of imprimitivity and basing it on Poincaré group. The resulting noise channels are relativistically consistent and the method is applicable to any fundamental particle, though we demonstrate it for the case of light-like particles. The Krauss decomposition of the relativistically consistent completely positive identity preserving maps (our set up is in Heisenberg picture) enables us to construct the covariant quantum Markov…
In this paper, we investigate $Φ$-maps associated to a certain type of $α$-completely positive maps. We then prove a KSGNS (Kasparov--Stinespring--Gel'fand--Naimark--Segal) type theorem for $α$-completely positive maps on Krein $C^*$-modules and show that the minimal KSGNS construction is unique up to unitary equivalence. We also establish a covariant version of the KSGNS type theorem for a covariant $α$-completely positive map and study the structure of minimal covariant KSGNS constructions.
The formulation of a relativistic dynamical problem as a system of Hamilton equations by respecting the principles of Relativity is a delicate task, because in their classical form the Hamilton equations require the use of a time coordinate, which of course contradicts the Relativity. Two interesting solutions have been proposed during the last century: the covariant phase space and the multisymplectic formalism. These two approaches were inspired at the beginning by different points of view. However, as shown by works by Kijowski-Szczyrba, Forger-Romero and Vitagliano, a synthetic vision of t…
We solve the problem of formulating Brownian motion in a relativistically covariant framework in 3+1 dimensions. We obtain covariant Fokker-Planck equations with (for the isotropic case) a differential operator of d'Alembert form. Treating the spacelike and timelike fluctuations separately in order to maintain the covariance property, we show that it is essential to take into account the analytic continuation of "unphysical" fluctuations. We discuss the notion of locality in this framework and possible implications for entangled states.
We discuss general positivity conditions necessary for a definition of a relativistic diffusion on the phase space. We show that Lorentz covariant random vector fields on the forward cone $p^{2}\geq 0$ lead to a definition of a generator of Lorentz covariant diffusions. We discuss in more detail diffusions arising from particle dynamics in a random electromagnetic field approximating the quantum field at finite temperature. We develop statistical mechanics of a gas of diffusing particles. We discuss viscosity of such a gas in an expansion in gradients of the fluid velocity.
