生物学中的交通现象：从分子马达到生物体
Traffic phenomena in biology: from molecular motors to organisms
摘要：
几乎在生物系统的所有层面都可以观察到类似于动物的集体运动。分子马达蛋白，例如驱动蛋白和动力蛋白，它们是真核细胞中几乎所有细胞内运输的载体，有时会遇到交通堵塞，表现为生物体的疾病。类似地，在最近的实验中也观察到在脊椎动物的细胞外基质的胶原纤维上移动的胶原酶MMP-1的交通堵塞。社会性昆虫如蚂蚁和白蚁在小径上的类似昆虫的运动，也许在我们的日常生活中更为熟悉。在过去的几年里，实验，理论和计算研究导致了对这些现象中所涉及的一般或共同物理原理的更深入的理解。特别是，非平衡统计力学的一些方法，由爱因斯坦、朗之万和其他人在近一百年前开创，后来成为定量分析这些类似交通的集体现象的模型的有力理论工具，因为这些系统本质上远离平衡。在这篇综述中，我们批判性地审视了我们的理解的现状，暴露了现有方法的局限性，提到了开放的挑战性问题，并推测了在这个跨学科领域，物理学不仅满足化学和生物学，而且（纳米）技术的研究可能的未来方向。
英文摘要：
Traffic-like collective movements are observed at almost all levels of biological systems. Molecular motor proteins like, for example, kinesin and dynein, which are the vehicles of almost all intra-cellular transport in eukayotic cells, sometimes encounter traffic jam that manifests as a disease of the organism. Similarly, traffic jam of collagenase MMP-1, which moves on the collagen fibrils of the extracellular matrix of vertebrates, has also been observed in recent experiments. Traffic-like movements of social insects like ants and termites on trails are, perhaps, more familiar in our everyday life. Experimental, theoretical and computational investigations in the last few years have led to a deeper understanding of the generic or common physical principles involved in these phenomena. In particular, some of the methods of non-equilibrium statistical mechanics, pioneered almost a hundred years ago by Einstein, Langevin and others, turned out to be powerful theoretical tools for quantitative analysis of models of these traffic-like collective phenomena as these systems are intrinsically far from equilibrium. In this review we critically examine the current status of our understanding, expose the limitations of the existing methods, mention open challenging questions and speculate on the possible future directions of research in this interdisciplinary area where physics meets not only chemistry and biology but also (nano-)technology.
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