如何改变物理常数和破坏局部位置不变性可能发生？
How changing physical constants and violation of local position invariance may occur?
摘要：
光标量场很自然地出现在现代宇宙学模型中，影响标准模型的参数，如电磁精细结构常数$α$，电子或夸克质量与QCD尺度的无量纲比，$m_{e,q}/Λ_{QCD}$。这些标量场的宇宙学变化应该是由于宇宙中物质组成的剧烈变化而发生的：最近的这种事件是相当近的（红移$z\sim 0.5$），从物质到暗能量的统治。在一个双膜模型中（我们用它作为一个教学的例子），这些变化是由于到“第二个膜”的距离的改变，“我们的膜”的一个巨大的同伴。从额外维度来看，大质量物体（恒星或星系）也会影响物理常数。它们具有与粒子数成比例的大标量电荷$Q_d$，产生类似库仑的标量场$ϕ=Q_d/r$。这导致基本常数的变化与引力势成正比，例如$δα/ α= k_αδ(GM/ r c^2)$。我们比较了这种效应的不同表现形式。最强的极限$k_α+0.17 k_e= (-3.5\pm 6) * 10^{-7}$是从原子频率与太阳距离的关系的测量中得到的（由于地球轨道的椭圆率，距离会发生变化）。
英文摘要：
Light scalar fields very naturally appear in modern cosmological models, affecting such parameters of Standard Model as electromagnetic fine structure constant $α$, dimensionless ratios of electron or quark mass to the QCD scale, $m_{e,q}/Λ_{QCD}$. Cosmological variations of these scalar fields should occur because of drastic changes of matter composition in Universe: the latest such event is rather recent (redshift $z\sim 0.5$), from matter to dark energy domination. In a two-brane model (we use as a pedagogical example) these modifications are due to changing distance to "the second brane", a massive companion of "our brane". Back from extra dimensions, massive bodies (stars or galaxies) can also affect physical constants. They have large scalar charge $Q_d$ proportional to number of particles which produces a Coulomb-like scalar field $ϕ=Q_d/r$. This leads to a variation of the fundamental constants proportional to the gravitational potential, e.g. $δα/ α= k_αδ(GM/ r c^2)$. We compare different manifestations of this effect. The strongest limits $k_α+0.17 k_e= (-3.5\pm 6) * 10^{-7}$ are obtained from the measurements of dependence of atomic frequencies on the distance from Sun (the distance varies due to the ellipticity of the Earth's orbit).
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