太阳系的大气带电
Atmospheric electrification in the Solar System
摘要：
大气带电并不是纯粹的地球现象：所有太阳系的行星大气都因宇宙射线电离而轻微带电。木星、土星、天王星和海王星上都有闪电的证据，火星、金星和土卫六上也可能有闪电。大气电一直有争议地牵连在地球上的气候，在这里，比较的方法是审查的作用，电气化的大气中的其他行星及其卫星。本文综述了行星大气电，包括电离和离子气溶胶相互作用。简要讨论了形成一个全球性电路的必要条件，以及在其他行星大气中满足这些条件的可能性。大气带电在整个太阳系都很重要，特别是在接受太阳辐射很少的外行星，增加了电力的重要性。据预测，大气离子的成核作用会影响土卫六、海王星和海卫一上烟霞层的演化和寿命。土卫六，前惠更斯，大气电过程进行了总结。在距离地球较近的地方，太阳辐射的加热主导着行星气象学;然而，火星可能有一个基于沙尘暴放电的全球电路。有必要直接测量行星大气带电情况，特别是在火星上，以评估未来飞行任务的风险。可以通过跨学科的工作来改进和更新最初为特定行星大气开发的模型和参数，使其具有更广泛的适用性，从而增加理论上的理解。
英文摘要：
Atmospheric electrification is not a purely terrestrial phenomenon: all Solar System planetary atmospheres become slightly electrified by cosmic ray ionisation. There is evidence for lightning on Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, and it appears likely to exist on Mars, Venus and Titan. Atmospheric electricity has controversially been implicated in climate on Earth; here, a comparative approach is employed to review the role of electrification in the atmospheres of other planets and their moons. This paper reviews planetary atmospheric electricity including ionisation and ion-aerosol interactions. The conditions necessary for a global electric circuit, and the likelihood of meeting these conditions in other planetary atmospheres are briefly discussed. Atmospheric electrification could be important throughout the Solar System, particularly at the outer planets which receive little solar radiation, increasing the significance of electrical forces. Nucleation onto atmospheric ions has been predicted to affect the evolution and lifetime of haze layers on Titan, Neptune, and Triton. Atmospheric electrical processes on Titan, pre-Huygens, are summarised. Closer to Earth, heating from solar radiation dominates planetary meteorology; however Mars may have a global circuit based on electrical discharges from dust storms. There is a need for direct measurements of planetary atmospheric electrification, in particular on Mars, to assess the risk for future missions. Theoretical understanding could be increased by cross-disciplinary work to modify and update models and parameterisations initially developed for specific planetary atmospheres to make them more broadly applicable.
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