S. Selsto, M. Forre, J. P. Hansen, L. B. Madsen
We present three dimensional time-dependent calculations of ionization of arbitrarily spatially oriented H$_2^+$ by attosecond, intense, high-frequency laser fields. The ionization probability shows a strong dependence on both the internuclear distance and the relative orientation between the laser field and the internuclear axis.
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We solve the hydrodynamic-ballistic equations of motion for a one-dimensional time-dependent Thomas-Fermi model of Cl_2 exposed to an intense subpicosecond laser field, and observe simultaneous multielectron ionization and molecular dissociation. The fragment kinetic energy defect with respect to the simple Coulomb explosion picture is found to originate in ejected-electron screening of the escaping fragments; its magnitude agrees with that observed in recent experiments.
The fixed-nuclei full dimensional time-dependent Schr ödinger equation is directly solved for H$_2^+$ in the linearly polarized laser field of $I \sim 1.0 \times 10^{14}$W cm$^{-2}$ and $λ\sim 1064 $nm Instantaneous ionization rate has been introduced and calculated by evaluating the instantaneous imaginary energy of the system. It is shown that positive (negative) values of instantaneous imaginary energy of the system represent the incoming (outgoing) instantaneous current of electron. This approach allows us to determine not only the instantaneous intensity but also the instantaneous directi…
Binding energy of heavy atoms is estimated by means of the Thomas-Fermi model, giant dipole oscillation are highlighted and ionization is discussed.
We show the details of the pathway for dissociative ionization process of ground electronic state of aligned D$^{+}_{2}$ due to first ionization of D$_2$ in short ($\thicksim$100 fs) and intense ($4.0\times10^{14}$ W cm$^{-2}$) 480 nm laser pulses. The initial vibrational state of D$^{+}_{2}$ comes from the vertical transformation of the ground state of D$_{2}$. The initial wavepacket in the ground electronic state of D$_{2}^{+}$ is outgoing through dissociation-ionization channel accompanied by a strong coupling between $1s σ_{g}$ and $2p σ_{u}$ electronic states. We show explicitly that the …
A simple model for sequential multiphoton ionization by ultra-intense x-rays is presented. The derived scaling of the ion yield with pulse energy quantitatively reproduces the experimental data, which shows that the ion yield increases according to the "power law" behavior typical of multiphoton ionization, followed by saturation at high pulse energies. The calculated average time interval between ionizations for producing ions at a certain charge state is found to be proportional to the pulse duration and independent of all other x-ray pulse parameters. This agrees with previous studies where…
Ionization by relativistically intense laser pulses of finite duration is considered in the framework of strong-field quantum electrodynamics. Our main focus is on the formation of ionization supercontinua. More specifically, when studying the energy distributions of photoelectrons ionized by circularly polarized pulses, we observe the appearance of broad structures lacking the interference patterns. These supercontinua extend over hundreds of driving photon energies, thus corresponding to high-order nonlinear processes. The corresponding polar-angle distributions show asymmetries which are at…
Application of a parallel-projection inversion technique to z-scan spectra of multiply charged xenon and krypton ions, obtained by non-resonant field ionization of neutral targets, has for the first time permitted the direct observation of intensity-dependent ionization probabilities. These ionization efficiency curves have highlighted the presence of structure in the tunnelling regime, previously unobserved under full-volume techniques.
We provide theoretical investigations of the response of the Ar and H atoms to an intense elliptically polarized few-cycle laser pulse, as a function of light ellipticity. The time-dependent Schr{ö}dinger equation describing the least-bound electron is solved numerically, and differential quantities such as the momentum distribution, the electron density in the continuum, and the above-threshold ionization spectra are computed. These quantities provide insight into the ionization dynamics and the electron rescattering process as a function of light ellipticity, and reveal great similarities be…
The alignment- and internuclear-distance dependent ionization of H$_2$ exposed to intense, ultrashort laser fields is studied by solving the time-dependent two-electron Schrödinger equation. In the regime of perturbative few-photon ionization, a strong dependence of the ionization yield on the internuclear distance is found. While this finding confirms a previously reported breakdown of the fixed-nuclei approximation for parallel alignment, a simpler explanation is provided and it is demonstrated that this breakdown is not due to vibrational dynamics during the laser pulse. The persistence of …
We examine the nature and statistical properties of electron-electron collisions in the recollision process in a strong laser field. The separation of the double ionization yield into sequential and nonsequential components leads to a bell-shaped curve for the nonsequential probability and a monotonically rising one for the sequential process. We identify key features of the nonsequential process and connect our findings in a simplified model which reproduces the knee shape for the probability of double ionization with laser intensity and associated trends.
This paper concerns the theory of non-recollisional ionization or detachment of atoms or ions by intense few-cycle pulses. It is shown that in certain conditions of pulse duration, peak intensity and carrier-envelope phase, the ionization probability integrated over ejection angle varies almost periodically with energy, with a period roughly equal to the photon energy for slow enough outgoing electrons. This modulation is found both in calculations based on the strong field approximation (SFA) and in ab initio time-dependent calculations. It is explained as resulting from the interference betw…
We examine correlated electron and doubly charged ion momentum spectra from strong field double ionization of Neon employing intense elliptically polarized laser pulses. An ellipticity-dependent asymmetry of correlated electron and ion momentum distributions has been observed. Using a 3D semiclassical model, we demonstrate that our observations reflect the sub-cycle dynamics of the recollision process. Our work reveals a general physical picture for recollision-impact double ionization with elliptical polarization, and demonstrates the possibility of ultrafast control of the recollision dynami…
Intense-field ionization of the hydrogen molecular ion by linearly-polarized light is modelled by direct solution of the fixed-nuclei time-dependent Schrödinger equation and compared with recent experiments. Parallel transitions are calculated using algorithms which exploit massively parallel computers. We identify and calculate dynamic tunnelling ionization resonances that depend on laser wavelength and intensity, and molecular bond length. Results for $λ\sim 1064$ nm are consistent with static tunnelling ionization. At shorter wavelengths $λ\sim 790 $ nm large dynamic corrections are observe…
We revisit the stabilization of ionization of atoms subjected to a superintense laser pulse using nonlinear dynamics. We provide an explanation for the lack of complete ionization at high intensity and for the decrease of the ionization probability as intensity is increased. We investigate the role of each part of the laser pulse (ramp-up, plateau, ramp-down) in this process. We emphasize the role of the choice for the ionization criterion, energy versus distance criterion.
We discuss the possibility of non-exponential tunneling ionization of atoms irradiated by intense laser field. This effect can occur at times, which are greater than the lifetime of a system under consideration. The mechanism for non-exponential depletion of an initial quasi-stationary state is the cutting of the energy spectrum of final continuous states at long times. We first consider the known examples of cold emission of electrons from metal, tunneling alpha-decay of atomic nuclei, spontaneous decay in two-level systems and the single-photon atomic ionization by a weak electromagnetic fie…
Ionization Induced by the Ponderomotive Force in Intense and High-Frequency Laser Fields
该研究针对强高频激光场下的原子稳定化现象，系统分析了激光焦点处的有质动力的作用，发现其可诱导稳定原子发生隧穿甚至势垒上电离，且中等强度下效应超过多光子电离，为完善原子稳定化理论提供了依据。
The ionization probability of N$_2$, O$_2$, and CO$_2$ in intense laser fields is studied theoretically as a function of the alignment angle by solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation numerically assuming only the single-active-electron approximation. The results are compared to recent experimental data [D.~Pavi{č}i{ć} et al., Phys.\,Rev.\,Lett.\ {\bf 98}, 243001 (2007)] and good agreement is found for N$_2$ and O$_2$. For CO$_2$ a possible explanation is provided for the failure of simplified single-active-electron models to reproduce the experimentally observed narrow ionization dist…
We investigate the dynamics of electron-electron recollisions in the double ionization of atoms in strong laser fields. The statistics of recollisions can be reformulated in terms of an area-preserving map from the observation that the outer electron is driven by the laser field to kick the remaining core electrons periodically. The phase portraits of this map reveals the dynamics of these recollisions in terms of their probability and efficiency.
In this paper a 4-component Dirac theory of ionization of hydrogen molecular ion in a super-intense laser field is developed. Simple analytic expressions for the spin specific as well as the total ionization currents emitted from the ground state of the ion are derived. The results are given for all polarization and finite propagation vectors of the field. They apply for inner-shell ionization of analogous heavier molecular ions as well. The presence of molecular two-slit interference effect, first found in the non-relativistic case, and the spin-flip ionization current, and an asymmetry of th…
The electron dynamics of rare gas clusters in laser fields is investigated quantum mechanically by means of time-dependent density functional theory. The mechanism of early inner and outer ionization is revealed. The formation of an electron wave packet inside the cluster shortly after the first removal of a small amount of electron density is observed. By collisions with the cluster boundary the wave packet oscillation is driven into resonance with the laser field, hence leading to higher absorption of laser energy. Inner ionization is increased because the electric field of the bouncing elec…
Diatomic molecules (e.g., O$_2$) in intense laser field exhibit a peculiar suppressed ionization behavior compared to their companion atoms. Several physical models have been proposed to account for this suppression while no consensus has been achieved. In this letter, we aim to clarify the underlying mechanisms behind this molecular ionization suppression. Experimental data recorded at midinfrared laser wavelength and its comparison with that at near-infrared wavelength revealed a peculiar wavelength and intensity dependence of the suppressed ionization of O$_2$ with respect to its companion …
The generation of electron vortex states in ionization by intense and short laser pulses is analyzed under the scope of the lowest-order Born approximation. For near infrared laser fields and nonrelativistic intensities of the order of $10^{16}$~W/cm$^2$, we show that one has to modify the nonrelativistic treatment of ionization by accounting for recoil and mass relativistic corrections. By using the corrected quasi-relativistic theory, the requirements for the observation of electron vortex states with non-negligible probability and large topological charge are determined.
Visualizing intense laser field driven electron dynamics in a multielectron molecule: dynamic electron localization, bonding properties and multiple ionization bursts
本文研究了超强超快激光脉冲驱动下基态分子氮阳离子的电子动力学，揭示了由CREI机制引起的电离率振荡、多重电离爆发现象，并详细分析了激光对分子成键性质及电子局域化的瞬态影响。
Ionization and excitation of water molecules in intense laser pulses is studied theoretically by solving the three-dimensional time-dependent electronic Schrödinger equation within the single-active-electron approximation. The possibility to image orbital densities by measurement of the orientation-dependent ionization of H2O in few-cycle, 800nm linear-polarized laser pulses is investigated. While the highest-occupied molecular orbital 1b1 is found to dominate the overall ionization behavior, contributions from the energetically lower lying 3a1 orbital dominate the ionization yield in the noda…
We investigate two-photon double ionization of helium by intense ($10^{15} W/cm^2$) ultrashort ($\approx 300$ as) soft X-ray pulses (E = 91.6 eV). The time-dependent two-electron Schrödinger equation is solved using a coupled channel method. We show that for ultrashort pulses the angular distribution of ejected electrons depends on the pulse duration and provides novel insights into the role of electron correlations in the two-electron photoemission process. The angular distribution at energies near the ``independent electron'' peaks is close to dipolar while it acquires in the ``valley'' of c…
Ionization, excitation, and de-excitation to the ground state is studied theoretically for the first excited singlet state B $^1Σ_u^+$ of H$_2$ exposed to intense laser fields with photon energies in between about 3 eV and 13 eV. A parallel orientation of a linear polarized laser and the molecular axis is considered. Within the dipole and the fixed-nuclei approximations the time-dependent Schrödinger equation describing the electronic motion is solved in full dimensionality and compared to simpler models. A dramatic break-down of the single-active-electron approximation is found and explained …
The structure of approximate two electron wavefunction is deeply investigated, both theoretically and numerically, in the strong-field driven ionization dynamics. Theoretical analyses clarify that for two electron singlet systems, the previously proposed time-dependent extended Hartree-Fock (TD-EHF) method [Phys. Rev. A 51, 3999 (1995)] is equivalent to the multiconfiguration time-dependent Hartree-Fock method with two occupied orbitals. The latter wavefunction is further transformed into the natural expansion form, enabling the direct propagation of the natural orbitals (NOs). These methods, …
Ionization of hydrogen-like ions by intense, circularly polarized laser pulses is analyzed under the scope of the relativistic strong-field approximation. We show that, for specific parameters of the laser field, the energy spectra of photoelectrons present a broad region without interference (supercontinuum) which can be controlled by modifying the laser field intensity. The physical interpretation of the process is developed according to the Keldysh theory, emphasizing the importance of the complex-time saddle point contributions to the total probability of photoionization. The corresponding…
Modern laser systems are able to generate short and intense laser pulses ionizing matter in the poorly explored barrier-suppression regime. Field ionization in this regime is studied analytically and numerically. For analytical studies, both the classical and the quantum approaches are used. Two approximations to solve the time-dependent Schrödinger equation are proposed: the free electron approximation, in which the atomic potential is neglected, and the motionless approximation, in which only the external field term is considered. In the motionless approximation, the ionization rate in extre…
We present a theoretical study of the ionization dynamics of a hydrogen atom exposed to attosecond laser pulses in the extreme ultra violet region at very high intensities. The pulses are such that the electron is expected to reach relativistic velocities, thus necessitating a fully relativistic treatment. We solve the time dependent Dirac equation and compare its predictions with those of the corresponding non-relativistic Schr{ö}dinger equation. We find that as the electron is expected to reach about 20% of the speed of light, relativistic corrections introduces a finite yet small decrease i…
Few-cycle pulses of intense 800 nm light are used to probe ionization and dissociation of carbon disulfide in the intensity and temporal regime where rescattering is expected to dominate the laser-molecule interaction. The wavepacket of the rescattered electron destructively interferes with the anti-bonding $π$-orbital of CS$_2^+$ such that rescattering is effectively "switched off". Direct signature of enhanced ionization being "switched off" in the ultrashort domain is also obtained. Consequently, dissociation becomes an almost non-existent channel when few-cycle pulses are used, with only l…
We formulate a three-dimensional semi-classical model to treat three-electron escape dynamics in a strongly-driven linear triatomic molecule, HeH$_{2}^{+}$. Our model includes the Coulomb singularities. Hence, to avoid unphysical autoionization, we employ two criteria to switch off the Coulomb repulsive force between two bound electrons and switch it on when the motion of one electron is mostly determined by the laser field. We investigate triple and "frustrated" triple ionization. In the latter process two electrons escape while one electron remains bound in a Rydberg state. We find that two …
Component instantaneous ionization rate (IIR) is introduced and the approach of its calculation is formulated. The component IIR's and the overall (time-averaged) component ionization rates are calculated for H$_2^+$ at different values of inter-nuclear distance in a linearly polarized laser field with $1.0 \times10^{14}$W cm$^{-2}$ intensity and $λ\sim 1064 $nm wavelength by direct numerical solution of the fixed-nuclei full dimensional time-dependent Schr ödinger equation. The exact overall component ionization rates calculated by time-averaging of the component IIR are compared with those c…
We report a novel experimental technique for the comparison of ionization processes in ultrafast laser pulses irrespective of pulse ellipticity. Multiple ionization of xenon by 50 fs 790 nm, linearly and circularly polarized laser pulses is observed over the intensity range 10 TW/cm^2 to 10 PW/cm^2 using Effective Intensity Matching (EIM), which is coupled with Intensity Selective Scanning (ISS) to recover the geometry-independent probability of ionization. Such measurements, made possible by quantifying diffraction effects in the laser focus, are compared directly to theoretical predictions o…
Multielectron ionization in O$_2^+$ driven by intense infrared laser pulses
该研究通过扩展半经典模型，探讨强红外激光驱动下O₂⁺的多电子电离及高能级态形成，揭示了受阻三电离的物理机制。
We present the first demonstration of two-photon double ionization of neon using an intense extreme ultraviolet (XUV) attosecond pulse train (APT) in a photon energy regime where both direct and sequential mechanisms are allowed. For an APT generated through high-order harmonic generation (HHG) in argon we achieve a total pulse energy close to 1 $μ$J, a central energy of 35 eV and a total bandwidth of $\sim30$ eV. The APT is focused by broadband optics in a neon gas target to an intensity of $3\cdot10^{12} $W$\cdot$cm$^{-2}$. By tuning the photon energy across the threshold for the sequential …
We investigate molecular dynamics of multiple ionization in N2 through multiple core-level photoabsorption and subsequent Auger decay processes induced by intense, short X-ray free electron laser pulses. The timing dynamics of the photoabsorption and dissociation processes is mapped onto the kinetic energy of the fragments. Measurements of the latter allow us to map out the average internuclear separation for every molecular photoionization sequence step and obtain the average time interval between the photoabsorption events. Using multiphoton ionization as a tool of multiple-pulse pump-probe …
We report on tunnel ionization of Xe by 2-cycle, intense, infrared laser pulses and its dependence on carrier-envelope-phase (CEP). At low values of optical field ($E$), the ionization yield is maximum for cos-like pulses with the dependence becoming stronger for higher charge states. At higher $E$-values, the CEP dependence either washes out or flips. A simple phenomenological model is developed that predicts and confirms the observed results. CEP effects are seen to persist for 8-cycle pulses. Unexpectedly, electron rescattering plays an unimportant role in the observed CEP dependence. Our r…
Classically allowed transport is shown to compete with quantum tunneling during the ionization of atoms by ultrashort and intense laser pulses, despite Keldysh parameters smaller than unity. This is done by comparing exact probability densities with the ones obtained from purely classical propagation using the Truncated Wigner Approximation. Not only is classical transport capable of moving trajectories away from the core, but it can also furnish ionization probabilities of the same order as the quantum ones for intensities currently employed in experiments. Our results have implications rangi…
Triple-differential cross sections for two-photon double ionization of molecular hydrogen are presented for a central photon energy of 30 eV. The calculations are based on a fully {\it ab initio}, nonperturbative, approach to the time-dependent Schroedinger equation in prolate spheroidal coordinates, discretized by a finite-element discrete-variable-representation. The wave function is propagated in time for a few femtoseconds using the short, iterative Lanczos method to study the correlated response of the two photoelectrons to short, intense laser radiation. The current results often lie in …
We study theoretically the dipole radiation of a hydrogen atom driven by an intense sub-cycle pulse. The time-dependent Schrödinger equation for the system is solved by ab initio calculation to obtain the dipole response. Remarkably, a narrowband emission lasting longer than the driving pulse appears at a frequency just above the ionization threshold. An additional calculation using the strong field approximation also recovers this emission, which suggests that it corresponds to the oscillation of nearly-bound electrons that behave similarly to Rydberg electrons. The predicted phenomenon is un…
We study the breakup of $\text{H}_2^+$ exposed to super-intense, femtosecond laser pulses with frequencies greater than that corresponding to the ionization potential. By solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation in an extensive field parameter range, it is revealed that highly nonresonant dissociation channels can dominate over ionization. By considering field-dressed Born-Oppenheimer potential energy curves in the reference frame following a free electron in the field, we propose a simple physical model that characterizes this dissociation mechanism. The model is used to predict contro…
We consider the classical dynamics of a two-electron system subjected to an intense bichromatic linearly polarized laser pulse. By varying the parameters of the field, such as the phase lag and the relative amplitude between the two colors of the field, we observe several trends from the statistical analysis of a large ensemble of trajectories initially in the ground state energy of the helium atom: High sensitivity of the sequential double ionization component, low sensitivity of the intensities where nonsequential double ionization occurs while the corresponding yields can vary drastically. …
Via a non-perturbative method we study the population dynamics and photoelectron spectra of Cs atoms subject to intense chirped laser pulses, with gaussian beams. We include above threshold ionization spectral peaks. The frequency of the laser is near resonance with the 6s-7p transition. Dominant couplings are included exactly, weaker ones accounted for perturbatively. We calculate the relevant transition matrix elements, including spin-orbit coupling. The pulse is taken to be a hyperbolic secant in time and the chirping a hyperbolic tangent. This choice allows the equations of motions for the…
We revisit a recently proposed scheme [M.F. Ciappina et al 2019 Phys. Rev. A 99 043405] for accurate measurement of electromagnetic radiation intensities in a focus of high-power laser beams. The method is based on the observation of multiple sequential tunneling ionization of atoms and suggests the determination of the peak intensity value from the appearance in the focal area ions with a certain charge number. Here we study the sensitivity of the approach to two essential factors: the focal volume effect and the tunneling ionization model chosen to calculate ionization rates. We show, on the…
In the semiclassical picture of photoionization process in intense laser fields, the ionization rate solely depends on the amplitude of the electric field and the final photoelectron momentum corresponds to the instant of ionization of the photoelectron, however, this picture has never been checked rigorously. Recently an attosecond angular streaking technique based on this semiclassical perspective has been widely applied to temporal measurement of the atomic and molecular dynamics in intense laser fields. We use a Wigner-distribution-like function to calculate the time-emission angle distrib…
We solve the three-dimensional time-dependent Schrödinger equation for a few-cycle circularly polarized femtosecond laser pulse interacting with an oriented target exemplified by an Argon atom, initially in a $3\text{p}_{x}$ or $3\text{p}_{y}$ state. The photoelectron momentum distributions show distinct signatures of the orbital structure of the initial state as well as the carrier-envelope phase of the applied pulse. Our \textit{ab initio} results are compared with results obtained using the length-gauge strong-field approximation, which allows for a clear interpretation of the results in te…
A new simulation box setup is introduced for the precise description of the wavepacket evolution of two electronic systems in intense laser pulses. In this box, the regions of the hydrogen molecule H$_{2} $, and singly and doubly ionized species, H$_{2}^+ $ and H$_{2}^{+2} $, are well recognized and their time-dependent populations are calculated at different laser field intensities. In addition, some new regions are introduced and characterized as quasi-double ionization and their time-dependencies on the laser field intensity are calculated and analyzed. The adopted simulation box setup is s…
When molecules interact with intense light sources of femtosecond or shorter duration the rotational degrees of freedom are frozen during the response to the strong nonperturbative interaction. We show how the frozen degrees of freedom affect the measurable signals in high-harmonic generation and above threshold ionization. High-harmonic generation exhibits optical coherence in the signal from different orientations of the molecule. For ionization, the contributions from different orientations are added incoherently. The effects are demonstrated for realistic alignment and orientation schemes.
A unitary model describing the electronic transitions in an atom subject to a strong high frequency laser pulse is proposed. The model fully accounts for the initial state coupling with the continuum spectrum. Continuum-continuum as well as discrete-discrete transitions are neglected. The model leads to a single integro-differential equation for the initial state amplitude. Exact numerical and approximate closed semi-analytical solutions of this equation are obtained. A comparison of present results with full time dependent Schrödinger equation solution for Hydrogen atoms subject to a laser pu…
We continue our investigation concerning the question of whether atomic bound states begin to stabilize in the ultra-intense field limit. The pulses considered are essentially arbitrary, but we distinguish between three situations. First the total classical momentum transfer is non-vanishing, second not both the total classical momentum transfer and the total classical displacement are vanishing together with the requirement that the potential has a finite number of bound states and third both the total classical momentum transfer and the total classical displacement are vanishing. For the fir…
Intense, 100 fs laser pulses at 3.2 and 3.6 um are used to generate, by multi-photon ionization, broadband wave packets with up to 400 eV of kinetic energy and charge states up to Xe+6. The multiple ionization pathways are well described by a white electron wave packet and field-free inelastic cross sections, averaged over the intensity-dependent energy distribution for (e,ne) electron impact ionization. The analysis also suggests a contribution from a 4d core excitation in xenon.
We analyzed the two-dimensional (2D) electron momentum distributions of high-energy photoelectrons of atoms in an intense laser field using the second-order strong field approximation (SFA2). The SFA2 accounts for the rescattering of the returning electron with the target ion to first order and its validity is established by comparing with results obtained by solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation (TDSE) for short pulses. By analyzing the SFA2 theory, we confirmed that the yield along the back rescattered ridge (BRR) in the 2D momentum spectra can be interpreted as due to the elastic …
Collisional ionization between two Rydberg atoms in relative motion is examined. A classical trajectory Monte Carlo method is used to determine the cross sections associated with Penning ionization. The dependence of the ionization cross section on the magnitude and the direction of orbital angular momentum of the electrons and the direction of the Laplace-Runge-Lenz vector of the electrons is studied. For a given magnitude of angular momentum, there can exist a difference of a factor of up to $\sim2.5$ in the ionization cross section between the orientation with the highest and the lowest ion…
Simultaneously, the vibrational nuclear dynamics and full dimensional electronic dynamics of the deuterium molecular ion exposed to the linear polarized intense laser field are studied. The time dependent Schrödinger equation of the aligned D2+ with the electric laser field is solved for the simulation of the complicated dissociative ionization processes and compared with the recent related experimental results. In this work, the R-dependent ionization rate and the enhanced ionization phenomenon beyond the Born-Oppenheimer approximation (BOA) are introduced and calculated. The substructure of …
We investigate the photoelectron angular emission distributions obtained by strong field dissociative ionization of H$_2$ using cold target recoil ion momentum spectroscopy. In case of employing laser light with an ellipticity close to 0.9 and an intensity of 1.0 $\times$ 10$^{14}$ W/cm$^2$, we find that the most probable release-time of the electron does not generally coincide with the time when the laser field maximizes. The release-time is affected by the molecular orientation. In addition, we observe that the width of the release-time distribution depends on molecular orientation. We attri…
We perform a detailed analysis of above threshold ionization (ATI) in atoms within the strong field approximation (SFA) by considering spatially inhomogeneous monochromatic laser fields. The locally enhanced field induced by resonance plasmons is an example for such inhomogeneous fields. We investigate how the individual pairs of quantum orbits contribute to the photoelectron spectra and the angular electron momentum distributions. We demonstrate that the quantum orbits have a very different behavior in the spatially inhomogeneous field when compared to the homogeneous field. In the case of in…
In the recent work of Vanne and Saenz [Phys. Rev. A 75, 063403 (2007)] the quasistatic limit of the velocity gauge strong-field approximation describing the ionization rate of atomic or molecular systems exposed to linearly polarized laser fields was derived. It was shown that in the low-frequency limit the ionization rate is proportional to the laser frequency (for a constant intensity of the laser field). In the present work I show that for circularly polarized laser fields the ionization rate is proportional to higher powers of the laser frequency for hydrogenic atoms. The new analytical ex…
We investigate the possible reasons for the discrepancy between the theoretical two-photon ionization cross section, $\sim 10^{-56}$ $\text{cm}^4 \text{s}$, of Ne$^{8+}$ obtained within the perturbative nonrelativistic framework for monochromatic light [J. Phys. B {\bf 34}, 4857 (2001)] and the experimental value, $7 \times 10^{-54}$ $\text{cm}^4 \text{s}$, reported in [Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 106}, 083002 (2011)] at a photon energy of 1110 eV. To this end, we consider Ne$^{8+}$ exposed to deterministic and chaotic ensembles of intense x-ray pulses. The time-dependent configuration-interaction s…
Photoelectron energy spectra resulting by the interaction of hydrogen with two short pulses having carrier frequencies, respectively, in the range of the infrared and XUV regions have been calculated. The effects of the pulse duration and timing of the X-ray pulse on the photoelectron energy spectra are discussed. Analysis of the spectra obtained for very long pulses show that certain features may be explained in terms of quantum interferences in the time domain. It is found that, depending on the duration of the X-ray pulse, ripples in the energy spectra separated by the infrared photon energ…
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