环境物理学：物理原理与应用
Environmental Physics: Physical Principles and Applications
摘要：
环境科学几乎总是提出极端复杂的问题，其典型特征是强烈的非线性演化动力学。所研究的系统具有许多自由度-这使得它们变得复杂-并且具有在广泛的时空尺度上发生的几个不同组件的非线性相互作用-这使得它们变得复杂。这些系统在宏观驱动（通常是太阳加热）和调节（例如地球自转和引力）因素的作用下演化。最全面的例子是整个气候系统。对环境系统宏观动力学的描述是基于系统地使用在现象学基础上导出的主导平衡，以专门化动力学方程。这样的平衡是适当的类的近似解的演化方程，代表一个合理的良好近似的实际观察到的字段时，足够大的空间或时间平均被认为是。实际上，在不同的时间和空间尺度上，我们需要考虑不同的平衡，这种方法反映了环境科学研究的本质--归纳主义，传统的还原主义科学态度并不总是有效的。为了解释这一过程，我们考虑了允许地球上生命存在的流体、空气和水的运动的非常相关的情况：所谓的地球物理流体。
英文摘要：
Environmental science almost invariably proposes problems of extreme complexity, typically characterized by strongly nonlinear evolution dynamics. The systems under investigation have many degrees of freedom - which makes them complicated - and feature nonlinear interactions of several different components taking place on a vast range of time-space scales - which makes them complex. Such systems evolve under the action of macroscopic driving (typically the solar heating) and modulating (e.g. the Earth's rotation and gravitation) agents. The most comprehensive example is the entire climatic system. The description of the macroscopic dynamics of environmental systems is based on the systematic use of dominant balances derived on a phenomenological basis in order to specialize the dynamical equations. Such balances are suitable classes of approximate solutions of the evolution equations which represent a reasonably good approximation to the actual observed fields when sufficiently large spatial or temporal averages are considered. Actually, different balances have to be considered depending on the time and space scales we are focusing our interest on. Such an approach reflects the fundamentally heuristic-inductive nature of the scientific research in environmental sciences, where the traditional reductionistic scientific attitude is not always effective. In order to exemplify this procedure, we consider the very relevant case of the motion of the fluids that permit the existence of life on the Earth, air and water: the so-called geophysical fluids.
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