The coupled-bunch beam breakup problem excited by the resistive wall wake is formulated. An approximate analytic method of finding the asymptotic behavior of the transverse bunch displacement is developed and solved.
The possibility of charged particle acceleration by a longitudinal wake field excited in plasma by an electron bunch and a train of electron bunches. The exact solution of the stationary nonlinear self-consistent interaction of a monoenergetic relativistic bunch with cold plasma is obtained. It is shown that under certain conditions a self-acceleration of the bunch tail electrons up to high energies is possible.
A higher harmonic cavity (HHC), used to cause bunch lengthening for an increase in the Touschek lifetime, is a feature of several fourth generation synchrotron light sources. The desired bunch lengthening is complicated by the presence of required gaps in the bunch train. In a recent paper the author and Venturini studied the effect of various fill patterns by calculating the charge densities in the equilibrium state, through coupled Haïssinski equations. We assumed that the only collective force was from the beam loading (wake field) of the harmonic cavity in its lowest mode. The present pape…
Beam-driven plasma wakefield accelerators typically use the external injection scheme to ensure controllable beam quality at injection. However, the externally injected witness bunch may exhibit a non-Gaussian transverse density distribution. Using particle-in-cell simulations, we show that the common beam quality factors, such as the normalized RMS emittance and beam radius, do not strongly depend on the initial transverse shapes of the witness beam. Nonetheless, a beam with a highly-peaked transverse spatial profile can achieve a higher fraction of the total beam charge in the core. The same…
A linear theory of a wakefield excitation in a plasma-dielectric accelerating structure by a drive electron bunch in the case of an off-axis bunch injection has been constructed. The structure under investigation is a round dielectric-loaded metal waveguide with a channel for the charged particles, filled with homogeneous cold plasma. Derived theory was used to investigate numerically the spatial distribution of the bunch-excited wakefield components, which act on both the drive and witness bunches.
The process of wake fields excitation by a relativistic electron bunch in ion dielectric media is considered. The space-time structure of the excited wakefield in an ion dielectric waveguide is investigated. It is shown that the wake field in the infrared (terahertz) ranges consists of the field of longitudinal polaritons and Cherenkov radiation, which is a set of electromagnetic eigen waves (transverse polaritons) of a dielectric waveguide. A branch of surface polaritons appears in a dielectric waveguide with an axial vacuum channel. The process of wakefield excitation of surface polaritons b…
The spatio-temporal structure of the bulk wakefields excited by a relativistic electron bunch in plasma of semiconductors and semimetals is studied. It is shown that these wakefield consists of the field of longitudinal plasmons and Cherenkov electromagnetic radiation, which is a set of eigen electromagnetic waves of the semiconductor or semimetal waveguide. A branch of the surface plasmons appears in a waveguide with an axial vacuum channel. The process of wake excitation of the surface plasmons by the relativistic electron bunch is also investigated. The intensity of the excited wake surface…
We expand on the material that was published in the previous Proceedings of the CERN Accelerator School on Plasma Wakefield Acceleration. The material focused on Plasma Wakefield Acceleration in the short, narrow bunch regime. After a brief introduction, we describe Plasma Wakefield Acceleration driven by a bunch train. We then attempt to give simple and intuitive descriptions of bunch self-modulation, occurring when the bunch is long, and of current filamentation, occurring when the bunch is wide. Self-modulation is a means to use existing bunches carrying large amounts of energy to drive pla…
A high-precision intra-bunch-train beam orbit feedback correction system has been developed and tested in the ATF2 beamline of the Accelerator Test Facility at the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization in Japan. The system uses the vertical position of the bunch measured at two beam position monitors (BPMs) to calculate a pair of kicks which are applied to the next bunch using two upstream kickers, thereby correcting both the vertical position and trajectory angle. Using trains of two electron bunches separated in time by 187.6~ns, the system was optimised so as to stabilize the beam o…
We use beam position measurements over the first part of the AWAKE electron beamline, together with beamline modeling, to deduce the beam average momentum and to predict the beam position in the second part of the beamline. Results show that using only the first five beam position monitors leads to much larger differences between predicted and measured positions at the last two monitors than when using the first eight beam position monitors. These last two positions can in principle be used with ballistic calculations to predict the parameters of closest approach of the electron bunch with the…
Using a periodic electron beam bunch train to resonantly excite plasma wakefields in the quasi-nonlinear (QNL) regime has distinct advantages over employing a single, higher charge bunch. Resonant excitation in the QNL regime can produce plasma electron blowout using very low emittance beams with a small charge per pulse: the local density perturbation is extremely nonlinear, achieving total rarefaction, yet the resonant response of the plasma electrons at the plasma frequency is preserved. Such a pulse train, with inter-bunch spacing equal to the plasma period, can be produced via inverse fre…
This paper continues the work of two previous treatments of bunch lengthening by a passive harmonic cavity in an electron storage ring. Such cavities, intended to reduce the effect of Touschek scattering, are a feature of fourth generation synchrotron light sources. The charge densities in the equilibrium state are given by solutions of coupled Haïssinski equations, which are nonlinear integral equations. If the only wake fields are from cavity resonators, the unknowns can be the Fourier transforms of bunch densities at the resonator frequencies. The solution scheme based on this choice of unk…
In the Phase 2 of the AWAKE first experimental run (from May to November 2018), an electron beam was used to probe and test proton-driven wakefield acceleration in a rubidium plasma column. In this work, we analyze the overall charge capture and shot-to-shot reproducibility of the proton-driven plasma wakefield accelerator with various electron bunch injection parameters. The witness electron bunches were produced using an RF-gun equipped with a Cs2Te photocathode illuminated by a tailorable ultrafast deep ultraviolet (UV) laser pulse. The construction of the UV beam optical system enabled app…
Three-Dimensional Analysis of Wakefields Generated by Flat Electron Beams in Planar Dielectric-Loaded Structures
穿过电介质内衬波导的电子聚束产生$\check{C}$ erenkov辐射,该辐射可导致适于加速后续聚束的高峰值轴向电场。在亚毫米尺寸的结构中,取决于合适的电子聚束参数的实现,可以获得超过千兆伏每米的轴向场。一个有前途的配置包括使用平面电介质结构驱动的平面电子聚束。本文对平面介质结构中平板电子束产生的尾流场进行了三维分析,从而推广了文献[A]的工作。Tremaine,J. Rosenzweig,and P. Schoessow,Phys. Rev. E 56,No. 6,7204(1997)]。我们特别提供了封闭形式的表达式的正常频率和场振幅的激发模式和基准这些分析结果与有限差分时域粒子在细胞的数值模拟。最后,我们实现了一个半解析算法到一个流行的粒子跟踪程序,从而使开始到结束的高保真度建模的直线加速器的基础上介质内衬平面波导。
Van Kampen模是Jeans-Vlasov方程的本征模。它们的光谱由连续部分和可能的离散部分组成。离散范坎彭模式的出现意味着出现了没有任何朗道阻尼的相干模式;因此,即使是微小的耦合束尾流也足以驱动不稳定性。在Tevatron,RHIC和SPS上观察到的纵向不稳定性可以解释为朗道阻尼(LLD)的损失,这在这里显示为发生在相当低的阻抗。对于排斥性唤醒和单谐波RF,LLD被发现是非常敏感的陡峭度的束分布函数在小幅度。在此基础上,提出了一种光束稳定的方法。
Particle acceleration in a quasilinear plasma wake provides access to high acceleration gradients while avoiding self-trapping of the background electrons. However, the plasma response to the externally injected witness bunch leads to a variation of the focussing fields along the bunch length, which can lead to a emittance growth. In order to investigate the impact of this emittance growth on the overall beam quality, we develop a single figure of merit based on a potential high-energy application for the AWAKE experiment at CERN. We show that the development of such a figure of merit naturall…
Dynamics of self-injected electron bunches has been numerically simulated in blowout regime at self-consistent change of electron bunch acceleration by plasma wakefield, excited by a laser pulse, to additional their acceleration by wakefield, excited by self-injected bunch. Advantages of acceleration by pulse train and bunch self-cleaning have been considered.
Seeded self-modulation in a plasma can transform a long proton beam into a train of micro-bunches that can excite a strong wakefield over long distances, but this needs the plasma to have a certain density profile with a short-scale ramp up. For the parameters of the AWAKE experiment at CERN, we numerically study which density profiles are optimal if the self-modulation is seeded by a short electron bunch. With the optimal profiles, it is possible to "freeze" the wakefield at approximately half the wavebreaking level. High-energy electron bunches (160 MeV) are less efficient seeds than low-ene…
We propose a new method for self-injection of high-quality electron bunches in the plasma wakefield structure in the blowout regime utilizing a "flying focus" produced by a drive beam with an energy chirp. In a flying focus the speed of the density centroid of the drive bunch can be superluminal or subluminal by utilizing the chromatic dependence of the focusing optics. We first derive the focal velocity and the characteristic length of the focal spot in terms of the focal length and an energy chirp. We then demonstrate using multidimensional particle-in-cell simulations that a wake driven by …
In AWAKE a self-modulated proton bunch drives wakefields in a plasma. Recent experiments successfully demonstrated many aspects of the self-modulation of the drive bunch as well as acceleration of test electrons. Next experiments will focus on producing a multi-GeV accelerated electron bunch with low emittance and low energy spread. The experiment requires a variety of advanced beam diagnostics to characterize the self-modulated proton bunch at the picosecond time scale. These include optical transition radiation and a streak camera for short and long time scale detailed imaging of self-modula…
Due to the highly nonlinear nature of the beam-loading, it is at present not possible to analytically determine the beam parameters needed in a two-bunch plasma wakefield accelerator for maintaining a low energy spread. Therefore in this paper, by using the Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno algorithm for the parameter scanning with the code QuickPIC and the polynomial regression together with k-fold cross-validation method, we obtain two fitting formulas for calculating the parameters of tri-Gaussian electron beams when minimizing the energy spread based on the beam-loading effect in a nonlinea…
Seeding of the Self-Modulation in a Long Proton Bunch by Charge Cancellation with a Short Electron Bunch
在等离子体尾场加速器(例如AWAKE)中,质子聚束自调制通过电离蒸气的高功率激光脉冲的电离前沿以及所产生的在所产生的等离子体内部的驱动聚束轮廓的陡峭边缘来播种。在本文中,我们提出了一个不同的自调制播种机制的概念,基于电子注入的二维线性理论计算。整个质子束团通过预形成的等离子体传播,有效束流由质子束中心的短电子束团的外部注入调制。质子束团尾部有效束流的锐边驱动大的尾场,导致种子自调制(SSM)的增长。此外,我们还讨论了在AWAKE Run 2中应用的可行性。