巴比伦和印度天文学：早期联系
Babylonian and Indian Astronomy: Early Connections
摘要：
印度和巴比伦的天文学是孤立发展的，是相互影响的，还是相互依赖的？两个多世纪以来，学者们一直在争论这些问题，随着时间的推移，人们的观点也在朝着这样或那样的方向转变。已经考察过的这两个系统的相似之处是：使用30个划分的太阴月; 360个划分的民用年;一年的长度;以及太阳黄道十二宫。有些人想知道巴比伦的行星表是否在悉达多的理论中发挥了作用。我将在这篇文章中回顾早期印度和巴比伦天文学的要点，并总结关于它们之间关系的最新观点。我将说明，在公元前700年巴比伦天文学中发现的关键思想已经出现在吠陀文献中，即使是最保守的估计也比这一时期早了几个世纪。我还将表明，太阳黄道带（rashis）是在吠陀印度使用，我将提出一个合理的衍生符号的太阳黄道带从神的月球部分。这并不意味着巴比伦的天文学和占星术是从印度的传统。如果有借鉴的话，那也只限于最一般的观念。印度和巴比伦天文学方法的本质是完全不同的。我认为巴比伦天文学很可能是独立出现的。
英文摘要：
Did the Indian and Babylonian astronomy evolve in isolation, was there mutual influence, or was one dependent on the other? Scholars have debated these questions for more than two centuries, and opinion has swung one way or the other with time. The similarities between the two systems that have been investigated are: the use of 30 divisions of the lunar month; the 360 divisions of the civil year; the length of the year; and the solar zodiac. Some have wondered if the Babylonian planetary tables might have played a role in the theories of the siddhantas. I shall in this essay go over the essentials of the early Indian and Babylonian astronomy and summarize the latest views on the relationship between them. I shall show that the key ideas found in the Babylonian astronomy of 700 BC are already present in the Vedic texts, which even by the most conservative reckoning are centuries older than this period. I shall also show that the solar zodiac (rashis) was used in Vedic India and I shall present a plausible derivation of the symbols of the solar zodiac from the deities of the lunar segments. This does not mean that the Babylonian astronomy and astrology is derived from the Indian tradition. If at all there was borrowing, that was restricted to the most general ideas only. The nature of Indian and Babylonian astronomical methods is quite different. I propose that it is most likely that Babylonian astronomy emerged independently.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
