18 pages, no figures, 10pt, LaTeX2e, uses amsart.cls & tcilatex.tex. To appear in Comment. Math. Univ. Carolin. (special issue: Proceedings of LOOPS99) Revised version: various fixes and improvements suggested by referee
On the unit sphere $\mathbb{S}$ in a real Hilbert space $\mathbf{H}$, we derive a binary operation $\odot$ such that $(\mathbb{S},\odot)$ is a power-associative Kikkawa left loop with two-sided identity $\mathbf{e}_0$, i.e., it has the left inverse, automorphic inverse, and $A_l$ properties. The operation $\odot$ is compatible with the symmetric space structure of $\mathbb{S}$. $(\mathbb{S},\odot)$ is not a loop, and the right translations which fail to be injective are easily characterized. $(\mathbb{S},\odot)$ satisfies the left power alternative and left Bol identities ``almost everywhere'' but not everywhere. Left translations are everywhere analytic; right translations are analytic except at $-\mathbf{e}_0$ where they have a nonremovable discontinuity. The orthogonal group $O(\mathbf{H})$ is a semidirect product of $(\mathbb{S},\odot)$ with its automorphism group (cf. http://www.arxiv.org/abs/math.GR/9907085). The left loop structure of $(\mathbb{S},\odot)$ gives some insight into spherical geometry.
We prove that any topological loop homeomorphic to a sphere or to a real projective space and having a compact-free Lie group as the inner mapping group is homeomorphic to the circle. Moreover, we classify the differentiable $1$-dimensional compact loops explicitly using the theory of Fourier series.
In this paper, we give a necessary and sufficient condition for an essential simple loop on a $2$-bridge sphere in an even Heckoid orbifold for the trivial knot to be null-homotopic, peripheral or torsion in the orbifold. We also give a necessary and sufficient condition for two essential simple loops on a $2$-bridge sphere in an even Heckoid orbifold for the trivial knot to be homotopic in the orbifold.
We give a complete characterization of those essential simple loops on 2-bridge spheres of 2-bridge links which are null-homotopic in the link complements. By using this result, we describe all upper-meridian-pair-preserving epimorphisms between 2-bridge link groups.
The purpose of this note is to announce complete answers to the following questions. (1) For an essential simple loop on a 2-bridge sphere in a 2-bridge link complement, when is it null-homotopic in the link complement? (2) For two distinct essential simple loops on a 2-bridge sphere in a 2-bridge link complement, when are they homotopic in the link complement? We also announce applications of these results to character varieties and McShane's identity.
It is proved that any left F-quasigroup is isomorphic to the direct product of a left F-quasigroup with a unique idempotent element and isotope of a special form of a left distributive quasigroup. The similar theorems are proved for right F-quasigroups, left and right SM- and E-quasigroups. Information on simple quasigroups from these quasigroup classes is given, for example, finite simple F-quasigroup is a simple group or a simple medial quasigroup. It is proved that any left F-quasigroup is isotopic to the direct product of a group and a left S-loop. Some properties of loop isotopes of F-qua…
In this paper and its prequel, we give a necessary and sufficient condition for two essential simple loops on a 2-bridge sphere in an even Heckoid orbifold for a 2-bridge link to be homotopic in the orbifold. We also give a necessary and sufficient condition for an essential simple loop on a 2-bridge sphere in an even Heckoid orbifold for a 2-bridge link to be peripheral or torsion in the orbifold. The prequel treated the case when the 2-bridge link is a $(2,p)$-torus link, and this paper treats the remaining cases.
Left Cheban loops are loops that satisfy the identity x(xy.z) = yx.xz. Right Cheban loops satisfy the mirror identity {(z.yx)x = zx.xy}. Loops that are both left and right Cheban are called Cheban loops. Cheban loops can also be characterized as those loops that satisfy the identity x(xy.z) = (y.zx)x. These loops were introduced in Cheban, A. M. Loops with identities of length four and of rank three. II. (Russian) General algebra and discrete geometry, pp. 117-120, 164, "Shtiintsa", Kishinev, 1980. Here we initiate a study of their structural properties. Left Cheban loops are left conjugacy cl…
We show that in a weak commutative inverse property loop, such as a Bruck loop, if $α$ is a right [left] pseudoautomorphism with companion $c$, then $c$ [$c^2$] must lie in the left nucleus. In particular, for any such loop with trivial left nucleus, every right pseudoautomorphism is an automorphism and if the squaring map is a permutation, then every left pseudoautomorphism is an automorphism as well. We also show that every pseudoautomorphism of a commutative inverse property loop is an automorphism, generalizing a well-known result of Bruck.
In this paper and its two sequels, we give a necessary and sufficient condition for two essential simple loops on a 2-bridge sphere in a 2-bridge link complement to be homotopic in the link complement. This paper treats the case when the 2-bridge link is a $(2,p)$-torus link, where more cases of homotopy arise, and its sequels will treat the remaining cases.
In this paper and its sequel, we give a necessary and sufficient condition for two essential simple loops on a 2-bridge sphere in an even Heckoid orbifold for a 2-bridge link to be homotopic in the orbifold. We also give a necessary and sufficient condition for an essential simple loop on a 2-bridge sphere in an even Heckoid orbifold for a 2-bridge link to be peripheral or torsion in the orbifold. This paper treats the case when the 2-bridge link is a $(2,p)$-torus link, and its sequel will treat the remaining cases.
This is the second of a series of papers which give a necessary and sufficient condition for two essential simple loops on a 2-bridge sphere in a 2-bridge link complement to be homotopic in the link complement. The first paper of the series treated the case of the 2-bridge torus links. In this paper, we treat the case of 2-bridge links of slope $n/(2n+1)$ and $(n+1)/(3n+2)$, where $n \ge 2$ is an arbitrary integer.
A loop $(Q,\cdot,\backslash,/)$ is called a middle Bol loop if it obeys the identity $x(yz\backslash x)=(x/z)(y\backslash x)$. To every right (left) Bol loop corresponds a middle Bol loop via an isostrophism. In this paper, the structure of the holomorph of a middle Bol loop is explored. For some special types of automorphisms, the holomorph of a commutative loop is shown to be a commutative middle Bol loop if and only if the loop is a middle Bol loop and its automorphism group is abelian and a subgroup of both the group of middle regular mappings and the right multiplication group. It was fou…
This is the last of a series of papers which give a necessary and sufficient condition for two essential simple loops on a 2-bridge sphere in a 2-bridge link complement to be homotopic in the link complement. The first paper of the series treated the case of the 2-bridge torus links, and the second paper treated the case of 2-bridge links of slope $n/(2n+1)$ and $(n+1)/(3n+2)$, where $n \ge 2$ is an arbitrary integer. In this paper, we first treat the case of 2-bridge links of slope $n/(mn+1)$ and $(n+1)/((m+1)n+m)$, where $m \ge 3$ is an arbitrary integer, and then treat the remaining cases b…
Let $G$ be a finite group and $H$ a subgroup of $G$. Each left transversal (with identity) of $H$ in $G$ has a left loop (left quasigroup with identity) structure induced by the binary operation of $G$. We say two left transversals are isomorphic if they are isomorphic with respect to the induced left loop structures. In this paper, we develop a method to calculate the number of isomorphism classes of transversals of $H$ in $G$. Also with the help of this we calculate the number of non-isomorphic left loops of a given order.
Following Riley's work, for each 2-bridge link $K(r)$ of slope $r\in\QQ$ and an integer or a half-integer $n$ greater than 1, we introduce the {\it Heckoid orbifold $\orbs(r;n)$} and the {\it Heckoid group $\Hecke(r;n)=π_1(\orbs(r;n))$ of index $n$ for $K(r)$}. When $n$ is an integer, $\orbs(r;n)$ is called an {\it even} Heckoid orbifold; in this case, the underlying space is the exterior of $K(r)$, and the singular set is the lower tunnel of $K(r)$ with index $n$. The main purpose of this note is to announce answers to the following questions for even Heckoid orbifolds. (1) For an essential s…
For any hyperbolic twist knot in the 3-sphere, we show that the resulting manifold by $r$-surgery on the knot has left-orderable fundamental group if the slope $r$ satisfies the inequality $0\le r \le 4$.
The objectives of this paper is to give a systematic investigation of extension theory of loops. A loop extension is (left, right or middle) nuclear, if the kernel of the extension consists of elements associating (from left, right or middle) with all elements of the loop. It turns out that the natural non-associative generalizations of the Schreier's theory of group extensions can be characterized by different types of nuclear properties. Our loop constructions are illustrated by rich families of examples in important loop classes.
We prove that there does not exist any connected topological proper loop homeomorphic to a quasi-simple Lie group and having a compact Lie group as the group topologically generated by its left translations. Moreover, any connected topological loop homeomorphic to the 7-sphere and having a compact Lie group as the group of its left translations is classical. We give a particular simple general construction for proper loops such that the compact group of their left translations is direct product of at least 3 factors.
Boyer, Gordon, and Watson have conjectured that an irreducible rational homology 3-sphere is an L-space if and only if its fundamental group is not left-orderable. Since large classes of L-spaces can be produced from Dehn surgery on knots in the 3-sphere, it is natural to ask what conditions on the knot group are sufficient to imply that the quotient associated to Dehn surgery is not left-orderable. Clay and Watson develop a criterion for determining the left-orderability of this quotient group and use it to verify the conjecture for surgeries on certain L-space twisted torus knots. We general…
For any hyperbolic genus one 2-bridge knot in the 3-sphere, we show that the resulting manifold by $r$-surgery on the knot has left-orderable fundamental group if the slope $r$ lies in some range which depends on the knot.
A question associated with the 2005 open problem of Michael Kinyon (Is every Osborn loop universal?), is answered. Two nice identities that characterize universal (left and right universal) Osborn loops are established. Numerous new identities are established for universal (left and right universal) Osborn loops like CC-loops, VD-loops and universal weak inverse property loops. Particularly, Moufang loops are discovered to obey the new identity $[y(x^{-1}u)\cdot u^{-1}](xu)=[y(xu)\cdot u^{-1}](x^{-1}u)$ surprisingly. For the first time, new loop properties that are weaker forms of well known l…
We show that every irreducible toroidal integer homology sphere graph manifold has a left-orderable fundamental group. This is established by way of a specialization of a result due to Bludov and Glass for the almagamated products that arise, and in this setting work of Boyer, Rolfsen and Wiest may be applied. Our result then depends on input from 3-manifold topology and Heegaard Floer homology.
