In a recent paper Ismail, Masson, and Suslov have established a continuous orthogonality relation and some other properties of a $_2φ_1$-Bessel function on a $q$-quadratic grid. Dick Askey suggested that the ``Bessel-type orthogonality'' at the $_2φ_1$-level has really a general character and can be extended up to the $_8φ_7$-level. Very-well-poised $_8φ_7$-functions are known as a nonterminating version of the classical Askey--Wilson polynomials. Askey's congecture has been proved by the author. In the present paper we discuss in details some properties of the orthogonal $_8φ_7$-functions. Another type of the orthogonality relation for a very-well-poised $_8φ_7$-function was recently found by Askey, Rahman, and Suslov.
A special Infeld-Hall factorization is given for the Askey-Wilson second order q-difference operator. It is then shown how to deducd a generalization of the corresponding Askey-Wilson polynomials.
To derive an eigenvalue problem for the associated Askey-Wilson polynomials, we consider an auxiliary function in two variables which is related to the associated Askey-Wilson polynomials introduced by Ismail and Rahman. The Askey-Wilson operator, applied in each variable separately, maps this function to the ordinary Askey-Wilson polynomials with different sets of parameters. A third Askey-Wilson operator is found with the help of a computer algebra program which links the two, and an eigenvalue problem is stated.
We find the adjoint of the Askey-Wilson divided difference operator with respect to the inner procuct on L^2(-1,1,(1-x^2)^-1/2 dx) defined as a Cauchy principle value and show that the Askey-Wilson polynomials are solutions of a q-Sturm-Liouville problem. From these facts we deduce various properties of the polynomials in a simple and straightforward way. We also provide an operator theoretic description of the Askey-Wilson operator.
A $\tphin$ contiguous relation is used to derive contiguous relations for a very-well-poised $\ephis$. These in turn yield solutions to the associated $q$-Askey-Wilson polynomial recurrence relation, expressions for the associated continued fraction, the weight function and a $q$-analogue of a generalized Dougall's theorem.
In this paper the general Krall-type Askey-Wilson polynomials are introduced. These polynomials are obtained from the Askey-Wilson polynomials via the addition of two mass points to the weight function of them at the points $\pm1$. Several properties of such new family are considered, in particular the three-term recurrence relation and the representation as basic hypergeometric series.
We show that the only monic orthogonal polynomials $\{P_n\}_{n=0}^{\infty}$ that satisfy $$π(x)\mathcal{D}_{q}^2P_{n}(x)=\sum_{j=-2}^{2}a_{n,n+j}P_{n+j}(x),\; x=\cosθ,\;~ a_{n,n-2}\neq 0,~ n=2,3,\dots,$$ where $π(x)$ is a polynomial of degree at most $4$ and $\mathcal{D}_{q}$ is the Askey-Wilson operator, are Askey-Wilson polynomials and their special or limiting cases. This completes and proves a conjecture by Ismail concerning a structure relation satisfied by Askey-Wilson polynomials. We use the structure relation to derive upper bounds for the smallest zero and lower bounds for the largest…
We introduce three one-parameter semigroups of operators and determine their spectra. Two of them are fractional integrals associated with the Askey-Wilson operator. We also study these families as families of positive linear approximation operators. Applications include connection relations and bilinear formulas for the Askey-Wilson polynomials. We also introduce a q-Gauss-Weierstrass transform and prove a representation and inversion theorem for it.
We give positive answer to two conjectures posed by M. E. H Ismail in his monograph [Classical and quantum orthogonal polynomials in one variable, Cambridge University Press, 2005].
In this paper, we explore the symmetric nature of the terminating basic hypergeometric series representations of the Askey--Wilson polynomials and the corresponding terminating basic hypergeometric transformations that these polynomials satisfy. In particular we identify and classify the set of 4 and 7 equivalence classes of terminating balanced ${}_4ϕ_3$ and terminating very-well poised ${}_8W_7$ basic hypergeometric series which are connected with the Askey--Wilson polynomials. We study the inversion properties of these equivalence classes and also identify the connection of both sets of equ…
In 1991 Tratnik derived two systems of multivariable orthogonal Wilson polynomials and considered their limit cases. q-Analogues of these systems are derived, yielding systems of multivariable orthogonal Askey-Wilson polynomials and their special and limit cases.
We establish an integral representation of a right inverse of the Askey-Wilson finite difference operator on $L^2$ with weight $(1-x^2)^{-1/2}$. The kernel of this integral operator is $\vartheta'_4/\vartheta_4$ and is the Riemann mapping function that maps the open unit disc conformally onto the interior of an ellipse.
We first show how one can obtain Al-Salam--Chihara polynomials, continuous dual $q$-Hahn polynomials, and Askey--Wilson polynomials from the little $q$-Laguerre and the little $q$-Jacobi polynomials by using special transformations. This procedure is then extended to obtain multiple Askey--Wilson, multiple continuous dual $q$-Hahn, and multiple Al-Salam--Chihara polynomials from the multiple little $q$-Laguerre and the multiple little $q$-Jacobi polynomials.
By using two known transformation formulas for basic hypergeometric series, we establish a direct extension of Bailey's $_6ψ_6$-series identity. Subsequently, it and Milne's identity are employed to drive multi-variable generalizations of Ramanujan's reciprocity formula. Then we utilize also Milne's identity to deduce a multi-variable generalization of the Askey-Wilson integral.
We study two families of orthogonal polynomials. The first is a finite family related to the Askey-Wilson polynomials but the orthogonality is on the real line. A limiting case of this family is an infinite system of orthogonal polynomials whose moment problem is indeterminate. We provide several orthogonality measures for the infinite family and derive their Plancherel-Rotach asymptotics.
For a two parameter family of Askey-Wilson polynomials, that can be regarded as basic analogues of the Legendre polynomials, an addition formula is derived. The addition formula is a two-parameter extension of Koornwinder's addition formula for the little $q$-Legendre polynomials. A corresponding product formula is derived. As the base tends to one, the addition and product formula go over into the addition and product formula for the Legendre polynomial. The addition formula is derived from the interpretation of Askey-Wilson polynomials as generalised matrix elements on the quantum $SU(2)$ gr…
In this survey paper, we exhaustively explore the terminating basic hypergeometric representations of the Askey-Wilson polynomials and the corresponding terminating basic hypergeometric transformations that these polynomials satisfy. From the terminating basic hypergeometric representations of these polynomials, and due to symmetry in their free parameters, we are able to exhaustively explore the terminating basic hypergeometric transformation formulae which these polynomials satisfy.
In this paper we show that the only sequences of orthogonal polynomials $(P_n)_{n\geq 0}$ satisfying \begin{align*} ϕ(x)\mathcal{D}_q P_{n}(x)=a_n\mathcal{S}_q P_{n+1}(x) +b_n\mathcal{S}_q P_n(x) +c_n\mathcal{S}_q P_{n-1}(x), \end{align*} ($c_n\neq 0$) where $ϕ$ is a well chosen polynomial of degree at most two, $\mathcal{D}_q$ is the Askey-Wilson operator and $\mathcal{S}_q$ the averaging operator, are the multiple of Askey-Wilson polynomials, or specific or limiting cases of them.
In many cases one may encounter an integral which is of $q$-Mellin--Barnes type. These integrals are easily evaluated using theorems which have a long history dating back to Slater, Askey, Gasper, Rahman and others. We derive some interesting $q$-Mellin--Barnes integrals and using them we derive transformation and summation formulas for nonterminating basic hypergeometric functions. The cases which we treat include ratios of theta functions, the Askey--Wilson moments, nonterminating well-poised ${}_3ϕ_2$, nonterminating very-well-poised ${}_5W_4$, ${}_8W_7$, products of two nonterminating ${}_…
The aim of this work is to study new functions arising from the limit transition of the Jackson's $q$-Bessel functions when $q\rightarrow -1$. These functions coincide with the $cas$ function for particular values of their parameters. We prove also that these functions are eigenfunction of differential-difference operators of Dunkl-type. Further, we consider special cases of the Askey-Wilson algebra $AW(3)$ that have these operators (up to constants) as one of their three generators and whose defining relations are given in terms of anticommutators.
An explicit structure relation for Askey-Wilson polynomials is given. This involves a divided q-difference operator which is skew symmetric with respect to the Askey-Wilson inner product and which sends polynomials of degree n to polynomials of degree n+1. By specialization of parameters and by taking limits, similar structure relations, as well as lowering and raising relations, can be obtained for other families in the q-Askey scheme and the Askey scheme. This is explicitly discussed for Jacobi polynomials, continuous q-Jacobi polynomials, continuous q-ultraspherical polynomials, and for big…
We construct a commutative algebra A_z, generated by d algebraically independent q-difference operators acting on variables z_1, z_2,..., z_d, which is diagonalized by the multivariable Askey-Wilson polynomials P_n(z) considered by Gasper and Rahman [6]. Iterating Sears' transformation formula, we show that the polynomials P_n(z) possess a certain duality between z and n. Analytic continuation allows us to obtain another commutative algebra A_n, generated by d algebraically independent difference operators acting on the discrete variables n_1, n_2,..., n_d, which is also diagonalized by P_n(z)…
The Askey-Wilson function transform is a q-analogue of the Jacobi function transform with kernel given by an explicit non-polynomial eigenfunction of the Askey-Wilson second order q-difference operator. The kernel is called the Askey-Wilson function. In this paper an explicit expansion formula for the Askey-Wilson function in terms of Askey-Wilson polynomials is proven. With this expansion formula at hand, the image under the Askey-Wilson function transform of an Askey-Wilson polynomial multiplied by an analogue of the Gaussian is computed explicitly. As a special case of these formulas a q-an…
An analogue of Taylor's formula, which arises by substituting the classical derivative by a divided difference operator of Askey-Wilson type, is developed here. We study the convergence of the associated Taylor series. Our results complement a recent work by Ismail and Stanton. Quite surprisingly, in some cases the Taylor polynomials converge to a function which differs from the original one. We provide explicit expressions for the integral remainder. As application, we obtain some summation formulas for basic hypergeometric series. As far as we know, one of them is new. We conclude by studyin…
The mixed moments for the Askey-Wilson polynomials are found using a bootstrapping method and connection coefficients. A similar bootstrapping idea on generating functions gives a new Askey-Wilson generating function. An important special case of this hierarchy is a polynomial which satisfies a four term recurrence, and its combinatorics is studied.
We give equivalent forms of the Askey-Wilson polynomials expressing them with the help of the Al-Salam-Chihara polynomials. After restricting parameters of the Askey-Wilson polynomials to complex conjugate pairs we expand the Askey-Wilson weight function in the series similar to the Poisson-Mehler expansion formula and give its probabilistic interpretation. In particular this result can be used to calculate explicit forms of 'q-Hermite' moments of the Askey-Wilson density, hence enabling calculation of all moments of the Askey-Wilson density. On the way (by setting certain parameter q to 0) we…
We review the properties of six families of orthogonal polynomials that form the main bulk of the collection called the Askey--Wilson scheme of polynomials. We give connection coefficients between them as well as the so-called linearization formulae and other useful important finite and infinite expansions and identities. An important part of the paper is the presentation of probabilistic models where most of these families of polynomials appear. These results were scattered within the literature in recent 15 years. We put them together to enable an overall outlook on these families and unders…
In this paper, we generalize fractional $q$-integrals by the method of $q$-difference equation. In addition, we deduce fractional Askey--Wilson integral, reversal type fractional Askey--Wilson integral and Ramanujan type fractional Askey--Wilson integral.
We use orthogonality measures of Askey--Wilson polynomials to construct Markov processes with linear regressions and quadratic conditional variances. Askey--Wilson polynomials are orthogonal martingale polynomials for these processes.
New formulas for the nth moment of the Askey-Wilson polynomials are given. These are derived using analytic techniques, and by considering three combinatorial models for the moments: Motzkin paths, matchings, and staircase tableaux. A related positivity theorem is given and another one is conjectured.
The purpose of this note is twofold: firstly to characterize all the sequences of orthogonal polynomials $(P_n)_{n\geq 0}$ such that $$ \frac{\triangle}{{\bf \triangle} x(s-1/2)}P_{n+1}(x(s-1/2))=c_n(\triangle +2\,\mathrm{I})P_n(x(s-1/2)), $$ where $\mathrm{I}$ is the identity operator, $x$ defines a class of lattices with, generally, nonuniform step-size, and $\triangle f(s)=f(s+1)-f(s)$; and secondly to present, in a friendly way, a method to deal with these kind of problems.
We study Askey-Wilson type polynomials using representation theory of the double affine Hecke algebra. In particular, we prove bi-orthogonality relations for non-symmetric and anti-symmetric Askey-Wilson polynomials with respect to a complex measure. We give duality properties of the non-symmetric Askey-Wilson polynomials, and we show how the non-symmetric Askey-Wilson polynomials can be created from Sahi's intertwiners. The diagonal terms associated to the bi-orthogonality relations (which replace the notion of quadratic norm evaluations for orthogonal polynomials) are expressed in terms of r…
We prove a general quadratic formula for basic hypergeometric series, from which simple proofs of several recent determinant and Pfaffian formulas are obtained. A special case of the quadratic formula is actually related to a Gram determinant formula for Askey-Wilson polynomials. We also show how to derive a recent double-sum formula for the moments of Askey-Wilson polynomials from Newton's interpolation formula.
In this paper we present an addition to Askey's scheme of q-hypergeometric orthogonal polynomials involving classes of q-special functions which do not consist of polynomials only. The special functions are q-analogues of the Jacobi and Bessel function, and are Askey-Wilson functions, big q-Jacobi functions and little q-Jacobi functions and the corrresponding q-Bessel functions. The generalised orthogonality relations and the second order q-difference equations for these families are given. Limit transitions between these families are discussed. The quantum group theoretic interpretations are …
In this paper we present an explicit (rank one) function transform which contains several Jacobi-type function transforms and Hankel-type transforms as degenerate cases. The kernel of the transform, which is given explicitly in terms of basic hypergeometric series, thus generalizes the Jacobi function as well as the Bessel function. The kernel is named the Askey-Wilson function, since it provides an analytical continuation of the Askey-Wilson polynomial in its degree. In this paper we establish the $L^2$-theory of the Askey-Wilson function transform, and we explicitely determine its inversion …
We establish Taylor series expansions in rational (and elliptic) function bases using E. Rains' elliptic extension of the Askey-Wilson divided difference operator. The expansion theorem we consider extends M.E.H. Ismail's expansion for the Askey-Wilson monomial basis. Three immediate applications (essentially already due to Rains) include simple proofs of Frenkel and Turaev's elliptic extensions of Jackson's 8-phi-7 summation and of Bailey's 10-phi-9 transformation, and the computation of the connection coefficients of Spiridonov's elliptic extension of Rahman's biorthogonal rational functions…
Nonsymmetric Askey-Wilson polynomials are usually written as Laurent polynomials. We write them equivalently as 2-vector-valued symmetric Laurent polynomials. Then the Dunkl-Cherednik operator of which they are eigenfunctions, is represented as a 2x2 matrix-valued operator. As a new result made possible by this approach we obtain positive definiteness of the inner product in the orthogonality relations, under certain constraints on the parameters. A limit transition to nonsymmetric little q-Jacobi polynomials also becomes possible in this way. Nonsymmetric Jacobi polynomials are considered as …
We obtain an explicit formula for a certain weighted enumeration of lozenge tilings of a hexagon with an arbitrary triangular hole. The complexity of our expression depends on the distance from the hole to the center of the hexagon. This proves and generalizes conjectures of Ciucu et al., who considered the case of plain enumeration when the triangle is located at or very near the center. Our proof uses Askey-Wilson polynomials as a tool to relate discrete and continuous Selberg-type integrals.
The two linearly independent solutions of the three-term recurrence relation of the associated Askey-Wilson polynomials, found by Ismail and Rahman in [22], are slightly modified so as to make it transparent that these functions satisfy a beautiful symmetry property. It essentially means that the geometric and the spectral parameters are interchangeable in these functions. We call the resulting functions the Askey-Wilson functions. Then, we show that by adding bound states (with arbitrary weights) at specific points outside of the continuous spectrum of some instances of the Askey-Wilson diffe…
Generalised matrix elements of the irreducible representations of the quantum $SU(2)$ group are defined using certain orthonormal bases of the representation space. The generalised matrix elements are relatively infinitesimal invariant with respect to Lie algebra like elements of the quantised universal enveloping algebra of $sl(2)$. A full proof of the theorem announced by Noumi and Mimachi [Proc. Japan Acad. Sci. {\bf 66}, Ser. A (1990), pp. 146--149] describing the generalised matrix elements in terms of the full four-parameter family of Askey-Wilson polynomials is given. Various known and …
We obtain weight functions associated with $q$-linear and $q$-quadratic lattices that yield discrete orthogonality with respect to a quasi-definite moment functional for the Askey-Wilson polynomials and all the polynomial sequences in the q-Askey scheme, with the exception of the continuous $q$-Hermite polynomials.
We use connection relations and series rearrangement to generalize generating functions for several higher continuous orthogonal polynomials in the Askey scheme, namely the Wilson, continuous dual Hahn, continuous Hahn, and Meixner-Pollaczek polynomials. We also determine corresponding definite integrals using the orthogonality relations for these polynomials.
We expand the Askey--Wilson (AW) density in a series of products of continuous $q-$Hermite polynomials times the density that makes these polynomials orthogonal. As a by-product we obtain the value of the AW integral as well as the values of integrals of $q-$Hermite polynomial times the AW density ($q-$Hermite moments of AW density). Our approach uses nice, old formulae of Carlitz and is general enough to venture a generalization. We prove that it is possible and pave the way how to do it. As a result we obtain system of recurrences that if solved successfully gives a sequence of generalized A…
As the third stage of the project multi-indexed orthogonal polynomials, we present, in the framework of 'discrete quantum mechanics' with pure imaginary shifts in one dimension, the multi-indexed Wilson and Askey-Wilson polynomials. They are obtained from the original Wilson and Askey-Wilson polynomials by multiple application of the discrete analogue of the Darboux transformations or the Crum-Krein-Adler deletion of 'virtual state solutions' of type I and II, in a similar way to the multi-indexed Laguerre, Jacobi and (q-)Racah polynomials reported earlier.
Two sets of infinitely many exceptional orthogonal polynomials related to the Wilson and Askey-Wilson polynomials are presented. They are derived as the eigenfunctions of shape invariant and thus exactly solvable quantum mechanical Hamiltonians, which are deformations of those for the Wilson and Askey-Wilson polynomials in terms of a degree \ell (\ell=1,2,...) eigenpolynomial. These polynomials are exceptional in the sense that they start from degree \ell\ge1 and thus not constrained by any generalisation of Bochner's theorem.
Infinitely many Casoratian identities are derived for the Wilson and Askey-Wilson polynomials in parallel to the Wronskian identities for the Hermite, Laguerre and Jacobi polynomials, which were reported recently by the present authors. These identities form the basis of the equivalence between eigenstate adding and deleting Darboux transformations for solvable (discrete) quantum mechanical systems. Similar identities hold for various reduced form polynomials of the Wilson and Askey-Wilson polynomials, e.g. the continuous q-Jacobi, continuous (dual) (q-)Hahn, Meixner-Pollaczek, Al-Salam-Chihar…
Assume that there is a set of monic polynomials $P_n(z)$ satisfying the second-order difference equation $$ A(s) P_n(z(s+1)) + B(s) P_n(z(s)) + C(s) P_n(z(s-1)) = λ_n P_n(z(s)), n=0,1,2,..., N$$ where $z(s), A(s), B(s), C(s)$ are some functions of the discrete argument $s$ and $N$ may be either finite or infinite. The irreducibility condition $A(s-1)C(s) \ne 0$ is assumed for all admissible values of $s$. In the finite case we assume that there are $N+1$ distinct grid points $z(s), \: s=0,1,..., N$ such that $z(i) \ne z(j), \: i \ne j$. If $N=\infty$ we assume that the grid $z(s)$ has infinite…
The $q$-difference equation, the shift and the contiguity relations of the Askey-Wilson polynomials are cast in the framework of the three and four-dimensional degenerate Sklyanin algebras $\mathfrak{ska}_3$ and $\mathfrak{ska}_4$. It is shown that the $q$-para Racah polynomials corresponding to a non-conventional truncation of the Askey-Wilson polynomials form a basis for a finite-dimensional representation of $\mathfrak{ska}_4$. The first order Heun operators defined by a degree raising condition on polynomials are shown to form a five-dimensional vector space that encompasses $\mathfrak{ska…
We obtain new explicit formulas for the recurrence coefficients of the q-orthogonal polynomial sequences in a class that extends the q-Askey scheme. Our formulas express the recurrence coefficients in terms of four parameters that determine the zeroes and poles. By direct substitution of particular values for the four parameters we obtain all the polynomial sequences in the q-Askey scheme, including the Askey-Wilson and the Racah polynomials. We also obtain some families of sequences that may be new.
Following the pioneering work of Duistermaat and Grünbaum, we call a family $\{p_n(x)\}_{n=0}^{\infty}$ of polynomials bispectral, if the polynomials are simultaneously eigenfunctions of two commutative algebras of operators: one consisting of difference operators acting on the degree index $n$, and another one of operators acting on the variable $x$. The goal of the present paper is to construct and parametrize bispectral extensions of the Askey-Wilson polynomials, where the second algebra consists of $q$-difference operators. In particular, we describe explicitly measures on the real line fo…
