The goal of our work is to study the spaces of primitive elements of the Hopf algebras associated to the permutaedra and the associaedra. We introduce the notion of shuffle and preshuffle bialgebras, and compute the subpaces of primitive elements associated to these algebras. These spaces of primitive elements are free objects for some types of algebras which we describe in terms of generators and relations.
We introduce the bicategory of bialgebras with coverings (which can be thought of as coalgebra-indexed families of morphisms), and provide a motivating application to the transfer of formulas for primitives and antipode. Additionally, we study properties of this bicategory and various sub-bicategories, and describe some universal constructions. Finally, we generalize Nichols' result on bialgebra quotients of Hopf algebra, which gives conditions on when the resulting bialgebra quotient is a Hopf algebra.
We extend the definition of tridendriform bialgebra by introducing a weight q. The subspace of primitive elements of a q-tridendriform bialgebra is equipped with an associative product and a natural structure of brace algebra, related by a distributive law. This data is called q-Gerstenhaber-Voronov algebras. We prove the equivalence between the categories of connected q-tridendriform bialgebras and of q-Gerstenhaber-Voronov algebras. The space spanned by surjective maps, as well as the space spanned by parking functions, have natural structures of q-tridendriform bialgebras, denoted ST(q) and…
Shuffle and quasi-shuffle products are well-known in the mathematics literature. They are intimately related to Loday's dendriform algebras, and were extensively used to give explicit constructions of free commutative Rota-Baxter algebras. In the literature there exist at least two other Rota-Baxter type algebras, namely, the Nijenhuis algebra and the so-called TD-algebra. The explicit construction of the free unital commutative Nijenhuis algebra uses a modified quasi-shuffle product, called the right-shift shuffle. We show that another modification of the quasi-shuffle product, the so-called …
We define two coproducts for cycle-free oriented graphs, thus building up two commutative con- nected graded Hopf algebras, such that one is a comodule-coalgebra on the other, thus generalizing the result obtained previously for Hopf algebras of rooted trees.
The Hopf algebra of word-quasi-symmetric functions ($\WQSym$), a noncommutative generalization of the Hopf algebra of quasi-symmetric functions, can be endowed with an internal product that has several compatibility properties with the other operations on $\WQSym$. This extends constructions familiar and central in the theory of free Lie algebras, noncommutative symmetric functions and their various applications fields, and allows to interpret $\WQSym$ as a convolution algebra of linear endomorphisms of quasi-shuffle algebras. We then use this interpretation to study the fine structure of quas…
An internal coproduct is described, which is compatible with Hoffman's quasi-shuffle product. Hoffman's quasi-shuffle Hopf algebra, with deconcatenation coproduct, is a comodule-Hopf algebra over the bialgebra thus defined. The relation with J. Ecalle's mould calculus, i.e. mould composition and contracting arborification, is precised.
The quasi-shuffle product and mixable shuffle product are both generalizations of the shuffle product and have both been studied quite extensively recently. We relate these two generalizations and realize quasi-shuffle product algebras as subalgebras of mixable shuffle product algebras. As an application, we obtain Hopf algebra structures in free Rota-Baxter algebras.
In recent years, the usual BPHZ algorithm for renormalization in perturbative quantum field theory has been interpreted, after dimensional regularization, as a Birkhoff decomposition of characters on the Hopf algebra of Feynman graphs, with values in a Rota-Baxter algebra of amplitudes. We associate in this paper to any such algebra a universal semi-group (different in nature from the Connes-Marcolli "cosmical Galois group"). Its action on the physical amplitudes associated to Feynman graphs produces the expected operations: Bogoliubov's preparation map, extraction of divergences, renormalizat…
Let A and B be two connected graded commutative k-algebras of finite type, where k is a perfect field of positive characteristic p. We prove that the quasi--shuffle algebras generated by A and B are isomorphic as Hopf algebras if and only if A and B are isomorphic as graded k-vector spaces equipped with a Frobenius (pth-power) map. For the hardest part of this analysis, we work with the dual construction, and are led to study connected graded cocommutative Hopf algebras H with two additional properties: H is free as an associative algebra, and the projection onto the indecomposables is split a…
A combinatorial interpretation is given of Devlin's word problem underlying the classical center-focus problem of Poincare for non-autonomous differential equations. It turns out that the canonical polynomials of Devlin are from the point of view of connected graded Hopf algebras intimately related to the graded components of a Hopf algebra antipode applied to the formal power series of Ferfera. The link is made by passing through control theory since the Abel equation, which describes a center, is equivalent to an output feedback equation, and the Hopf algebra of output feedback is derived fr…
Computations with integro-differential operators are often carried out in an associative algebra with unit, and they are essentially non-commutative computations. By adjoining a cocommutative co-product, one can have those operators perform act on a bialgebra isomorphic to an enveloping algebra. That gives an adequate framework for a computer-algebra implementation via monoidal factorization, (pure) transcendence bases and Poincaré--Birkhoff--Witt bases. In this paper, we systematically study these deformations, obtaining necessary and sufficient conditions for the operators to exist, and we g…
In this paper, we construct a bialgebraic and further a Hopf algebraic structure on top of subgraphs of a given graph. Further, we give the dual structure of this Hopf algebraic structure. We study the algebra morphisms induced by graph homomorphisms, and obtain a covariant functor from a graph category to an algebra category.
We investigate deformations of the shuffl e Hopf algebra structure Sh(A) which can be de fined on the tensor algebra over a commutative algebra A. Such deformations, leading for example to the quasi-shuffl e algebra QSh(A), can be interpreted as natural transformations of the functor Sh, regarded as a functor from commutative nonunital algebras to coalgebras. We prove that the monoid of natural endomophisms of the functor Sh is isomorphic to the monoid of formal power series in one variable without constant term under composition, so that in particular, its natural automorphisms are in bijecti…
In this paper we describe the Hopf algebra approach to the center problem for the differential equation $\frac{dv}{dx}=\sum_{i=1}^{\infty}a_{i}(x)v^{i+1}$, $x\in [0,T]$, and study some combinatorial properties of the first return map of this equation. The paper summarizes and extends previously developed approaches to the center problem due to Devlin and the author.
By means of a new notion of subforests of an angularly decorated rooted forest, we give a combinatorial construction of a coproduct on the free Rota-Baxter algebra on angularly decorated rooted forests. We show that this coproduct equips the Rota-Baxter algebra with a bialgebra structure and further a Hopf algebra structure.
We observe that the Connes--Kreimer Hopf-algebraic approach to perturbative renormalisation works not just for Hopf algebras but more generally for filtered bialgebras $B$ with the property that $B_0$ is spanned by group-like elements (e.g. pointed bialgebras with the coradical filtration). Such bialgebras occur naturally both in Quantum Field Theory, where they have some attractive features, and elsewhere in Combinatorics, where they cover a comprehensive class of incidence bialgebras. In particular, the setting allows us to interpret Möbius inversion as an instance of renormalisation.
In recent years, The BPHZ algorithm for renormalization in quantum field theory has been interpreted, after dimensional regularization, as the Birkhoff-(Rota-Baxter) decomposition (BRB) of characters on the Hopf algebra of Feynmann graphs, with values in a Rota-Baxter algebra. We give in this paper formulas for the BRB decomposition in the group $\mathcal{C}(H, A)$ of characters on a connected Hopf algebra $H$, with values in a Rota-Baxter (commutative) algebra $A$. To do so we first define the stuffle (or quasi-shuffle) Hopf algebra $A^{\tmop{st}}$ associated to an algebra $A$. We prove then …
Given a locally finite graded set A and a commutative, associative operation on A that adds degrees, we construct a commutative multiplication * on the set of noncommutative polynomials in A which we call a quasi-shuffle product; it can be viewed as a generalization of the shuffle product. The resulting commutative algebra can be given the structure of a Hopf algebra (_A_,*,Delta). In the case where A is the set of positive integers and the operation on A is addition, (_A_,*,Delta) is the Hopf algebra of quasi-symmetric functions. If rational coefficients are allowed, there is a Hopf algebra i…
The theory of cumulants is revisited in the "Rota way", that is, by following a combinatorial Hopf algebra approach. Monotone, free, and boolean cumulants are considered as infinitesimal characters over a particular combinatorial Hopf algebra. The latter is neither commutative nor cocommutative, and has an underlying unshuffle bialgebra structure which gives rise to a shuffle product on its graded dual. The moment-cumulant relations are encoded in terms of shuffle and half-shuffle exponentials. It is then shown how to express concisely monotone, free, and boolean cumulants in terms of each oth…
This manuscript stands at the interface between combinatorial Hopf algebra theory and renormalization theory. Its plan is as follows: Section 1 is the introduction, and contains as well an elementary invitation to the subject. The rest of part I, comprising Sections 2-6, is devoted to the basics of Hopf algebra theory and examples, in ascending level of complexity. Part II turns around the all-important Faa di Bruno Hopf algebra. Section 7 contains a first, direct approach to it. Section 8 gives applications of the Faa di Bruno algebra to quantum field theory and Lagrange reversion. Section 9 …
The vector space spanned by rooted forests admits two graded bialgebra structures. The first is defined by A. Connes and D. Kreimer using admissible cuts, and the second is defined by D. Calaque, K. Ebrahimi-Fard and the second author using contraction of trees. In this article we define the doubling of these two spaces. We construct two bialgebra structures on these spaces which are in interaction, as well as two related associative products obtained by dualization. We also show that these two bialgebras verify a commutative diagram similar to the diagram verified D. Calaque, K. Ebrahimi-Fard…
The works of Poincare, Birkhoff, Witt and Cartier, Milnor, Moore on the connected cocommutative Hopf algebras translated in the language of operads means that the triple of operads (Com, As, Lie) endowed with the Hopf compatiblity relation is good. In this paper, we focus on left dipterous (resp. right dipterous) algebras which are associative algebras with an extra left (resp. right) module on themselves and look for good triples were $As$ is replaced by the dipterous operad Dipt. Since the work of Loday and Ronco, the triple of operads (As, Dipt, B_\infty) endowed with the semi-Hopf compatib…