Given a probability measure $μ$ on the $n-$torus $T^n$ and a rotation vector $k\in R^n$, we ask wether there exists a minimizer to the integral $\int_{T^n} |\gradϕ+k|^2 dμ$. This problem leads, naturally, to a class of elliptic PDE and to an optimal transportation (Monge-Kantorovich) class of problems on the torus. It is also related to higher dimensional Aubry-Mather theory, dealing with invariant sets of periodic Lagrangians, and is known as the "Weak-KAM theory".
For the conformally symplectic system \[ \left\{ \begin{aligned} \dot{q}&=H_p(q,p),\quad(q,p)\in T^*\mathbb{T}^n\\ \dot p&=-H_q(q,p)-λp, \quad λ>0 \end{aligned} \right. \] with a positive definite Hamiltonian, we discuss the variational significance of invariant Lagrangian graphs and explain how the KAM torus impacts the $W^{1,\infty}-$convergence speed of the Lax-Oleinik semigroup.
For mechanical Hamiltonian systems on the torus, we study the dynamical properties of the generalized characteristics semiflows associated with certain Hamilton-Jacobi equations, and build the relation between the $ω$-limit set of this semiflow and the projected Aubry set.
We consider the quintic nonlinear Schr{ö}dinger on the circle. By applying a Birkhoff procedure and a KAM theorem, we exihibit a three dimension invariant torus that is linearly unstable. In comparison, we also prove that two dimensional tori are always linearly stable.
We show that ergodic affine abelian discrete actions on the torus, that have a rank-one factor in their linear part, are locally rigid in a KAM sense if and only if the rank one factor is trivial and the action is higher-rank transversally to this factor. Since it has been proved by Damjanovic and Katok that affine actions with higher-rank linear part are locally rigid, our result completes the local rigidity picture for affine actions on the torus.
This paper is concerned with the stickiness of invariant tori obtained by KAM technics (so-called KAM tori) for higher dimensional beam equation. We prove that the KAM tori are sticky, i.e. the solutions starting in the $δ$-neighborhood of KAM torus still stay close to the KAM torus for a polynomial long time such as $|t|\leq δ^{-\mathcal{M}}$ with any $\mathcal{M}\geq 0$, by constructing a partial normal form of higher order, which satisfies $p$-tame property, around the KAM torus.
In present paper, from the viewpoint of physical intuition we introduce a Hamiltonian system with multiscale rotation, which describes many systems, for example, the forced pendulum with fast rotation, weakly coupled $N$-oscillators with quasiperiodic force and so on. We study the persistence of invariant tori for this Hamiltonian system, and establish some KAM type results including the isoenergetic type. As consequences, we can show that Boltzmann's ergodicity hypothesis is also not true for this Hamiltonian system.
In this paper, we study the persistence and remaining regularity of KAM invariant torus under sufficiently small perturbations of a Hamiltonian function together with its derivatives, in sense of finite smoothness with modulus of continuity, as a generalization of classical Hölder continuous circumstances. To achieve this goal, we extend the Jackson approximation theorem to the case of modulus of continuity, and establish a corresponding regularity theorem adapting to the new iterative scheme. Via these tools, we establish a KAM theorem with sharp differentiability hypotheses, which asserts th…
In this paper, we study the following nonlinear Schrödinger equation \begin{eqnarray}\label{maineq0} \textbf{i}u_{t}-u_{xx}+V*u+εf(x)|u|^4u=0,\ x\in\mathbb{T}=\mathbb{R}/2π\mathbb{Z}, \end{eqnarray} where $V*$ is the Fourier multiplier defined by $\widehat{(V* u})_n=V_{n}\widehat{u}_n, V_n\in[-1,1]$ and $f(x)$ is Gevrey smooth. It is shown that for $0\leq|ε|\ll1$, there is some $(V_n)_{n\in\mathbb{Z}}$ such that, the equation admits a time almost periodic solution (i.e., full dimensional KAM torus) in the Gevrey space. This extends results of Bourgain \cite{BJFA2005} and Cong-Liu-Shi-Yuan \cit…
In [Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal. 213 (2014), 981-991] it has been proved that in the Newtonian $N$-body problem, given a minimal central configuration $a$ and an arbitrary configuration $x$, there exists a completely parabolic orbit starting on $x$ and asymptotic to the homothetic parabolic motion of $a$, furthermore such an orbit is a free time minimizer of the action functional. In this article we extend this result in abundance of completely parabolic motions by proving that under the same hypothesis it is possible to get that the completely parabolic motion starting at $x$ has zero angular mo…
We present a KAM theorem for presymplectic dynamical systems. The theorem has a " a posteriori " format. We show that given a Diophantine frequency $ω$ and a family of presymplectic mappings, if we find an embedded torus which is approximately invariant with rotation $ω$ such that the torus and the family of mappings satisfy some explicit non-degeneracy condition, then we can find an embedded torus and a value of the parameter close to to the original ones so that the torus is invariant under the map associated to the value of the parameter. Furthermore, we show that the dimension of the param…
In this paper, we give a new proof of the classical KAM theorem on the persistence of an invariant quasi-periodic torus, whose frequency vector satisfies the Bruno-Rüssmann condition, in real-analytic non-degenerate Hamiltonian systems close to integrable. The proof, which uses rational approximations instead of small divisors estimates, is an adaptation to the Hamiltonian setting of the method we introduced in a previous work for perturbations of constant vector fields on the torus.
We study the planetary system of $\upsilon$~Andromedæ, considering the three-body problem formed by the central star and the two largest planets, $\upsilon$~And~\emph{c} and $\upsilon$~And~\emph{d}. We adopt a secular, three-dimensional model and initial conditions within the range of the observed values. The numerical integrations highlight that the system is orbiting around a one-dimensional elliptic torus (i.e., a periodic orbit that is linearly stable). This invariant object is used as a seed for an algorithm based on a sequence of canonical transformations. The algorithm determines the no…
Given $l>2ν>2d\geq 4$, we prove the persistence of a Cantor--family of KAM tori of measure $O(\varepsilon^{1/2-ν/l})$ for any non--degenerate nearly integrable Hamiltonian system of class $C^l(\mathscr D\times\mathbb{T}^d)$, where $\mathscr D\subset \mathbb{R}^d$ is a bounded domain, provided that the size $\varepsilon$ of the perturbation is sufficiently small. This extends a result by D. Salamon in \cite{salamon2004kolmogorov} according to which we do have the persistence of a single KAM torus in the same framework. Moreover, it is well--known that, for the persistence of a single torus, the…
A conjecture of Arnold, Kozlov and Neishtadt on the exponentially small measure of the non-torus set in analytic systems with two degrees of freedom is discussed.
This paper continues the discussion started in [CK19] concerning Arnold's legacy on classical KAM theory and (some of) its modern developments. We prove a detailed and explicit `global' Arnold's KAM Theorem, which yields, in particular, the Whitney conjugacy of a non-degenerate, real-analytic, nearly-integrable Hamiltonian system to an integrable system on a closed, nowhere dense, positive measure subset of the phase space. Detailed measure estimates on the Kolmogorov's set are provided in the case the phase space is: (A) a uniform neighborhood of an arbitrary (bounded) set times the d-torus a…
We show that an analytic invariant torus $\cT_0$ with Diophantine frequency $ø_0$ is never isolated due to the following alternative. If the Birkhoff normal form of the Hamiltonian at $\cT_0$ satisfies a Rüssmann transversality condition, the torus $\cT_0$ is accumulated by KAM tori of positive total measure. If the Birkhoff normal form is degenerate, there exists a subvariety of dimension at least $d+1$ that is foliated by analytic invariant tori with frequency $ø_0$. For frequency vectors $ø_0$ having a finite uniform Diophantine exponent (this includes a residual set of Liouville vectors), …
Recently Rüssmann proposed a new new variant of KAM theory based on a slowly converging iteration scheme. It is the purpose of this note to make this scheme accessible in an even simpler setting, namely for analytic perturbations of constant vector fields on a torus. As a side effect the result may be the shortest complete KAM proof for perturbations of integrable vector fields available so far.
We consider the persistence of smooth families of invariant tori in the reversible context 2 of KAM theory under various weak nondegeneracy conditions via Herman's method. The reversible KAM context 2 refers to the situation where the dimension of the fixed point manifold of the reversing involution is less than half the codimension of the invariant torus in question. The nondegeneracy conditions we employ ensure the preservation of any prescribed subsets of the frequencies of the unperturbed tori and of their Floquet exponents (the eigenvalues of the coefficient matrix of the variational equa…
We consider the KAM theory for rotational flows on an $n$-dimensional torus. We show that if its frequencies are diophantine of type $n-1$, then Moser's KAM theory with parameters applies to small perturbations of weaker regularity than $C^n$. Derivatives of order $n$ need not be continuous, but rather $L^2$ in a certain strong sense. This disproves the long standing conjecture that $C^n$ is the minimal regularity assumption for KAM to apply in this setting while still allowing for Herman's $C^{n-ε}\!$-counterexamples.
An exact semiclassical version of the classical KAM theorem about small perturbations of vector fields on the torus is given. Moreover, a renormalization theorem based on counterterms for some semiclassical systems that are close to being completely integrable is obtained. We apply these results to characterize the sets of semiclassical measures and quantum limits for sequences of $L^2$-eigenfunctions of these systems.
We prove a new invariant torus theorem, for $α$-Gevrey smooth Hamiltonian systems, under an arithmetic assumption which we call the $α$-Bruno-Rüssmann condition, and which reduces to the classical Bruno-Rüssmann condition in the analytic category. Our proof is direct in the sense that, for analytic Hamiltonians, we avoid the use of complex extensions and, for non-analytic Hamiltonians, we do not use analytic approximation nor smoothing operators. Following Bessi, we also show that if a slightly weaker arithmetic condition is not satisfied, the invariant torus may be destroyed. Crucial to this …
We prove that there is an invariant torus with given Diophantine frequency vector for a class of Hamiltonian systems defined by an integrable large Hamiltonian function with a large non-autonomous Hamiltonian perturbation. As for application, we prove that a finite network of Duffing oscillators with periodic exterior forces possesses Lagrangian stability for almost all initial data.
In this paper, we use geometry of numbers to relate two dual Diophantine problems. This allows us to focus on simultaneous approximations rather than small linear forms. As a consequence, we develop a new approach to the perturbation theory for quasi-periodic solutions dealing only with periodic approximations and avoiding classical small divisors estimates. We obtain two results of stability, in the spirit of the KAM and Nekhoroshev theorems, in the model case of a perturbation of a constant vector field on the $n$-dimensional torus. Our first result, which is a Nekhoroshev type theorem, is t…
Motivated by the Lagrange top coupled to an oscillator, we consider the quasi-periodic Hamiltonian Hopf bifurcation. To this end, we develop the normal linear stability theory of an invariant torus with a generic (i.e., non-semisimple) normal $1:-1$ resonance. This theory guarantees the persistence of the invariant torus in the Diophantine case and makes possible a further quasi-periodic normal form, necessary for investigation of the non-linear dynamics. As a consequence, we find Cantor families of invariant isotropic tori of all dimensions suggested by the integrable approximation.
Free time minimizers of the action (called"semi-static" solutions by Mañe) play a central role in the theory of weak KAM solutions to the Hamilton-Jacobi equation (see Fathi). We prove that any solution to Newton's three-body problem which is asymptotic to Lagrange's parabolic homothetic solution is eventually a free time minimizer. Conversely, we prove that every free time minimizer tends to Lagrange's solution, provided the mass ratios lie in a certain large open set of mass ratios. We were inspired by the work of Da Luz-Maderna who had shown that every free time minimizer for the N-body pro…
In this paper we investigate the strict convexity and the differentiability properties of the stable norm, which corresponds to the homogenized surface tension for a periodic perimeter homogenization problem (in a regular and uniformly elliptic case). We prove that it is always differentiable in totally irrational directions, while in other directions, it is differentiable if and only if the corresponding plane-like minimizers satisfying a strong Birkhoff property foliate the torus. We also discuss the issue of the uniqueness of the correctors for the corresponding homogenization problem.
This is part I of a book on KAM theory. We start from basic symplectic geometry, review Darboux-Weinstein theorems action angle coordinates and their global obstructions. Then we explain the content of Kolmogorov's invariant torus theorem and make it more general allowing discussion of arbitrary invariant Lagrangian varieties over general Poisson algebras. We include it into the general problem of normal forms and group actions. We explain the iteration method used by Kolmogorov by giving a finite dimensional analog. Part I explains in which context we apply the theory of Kolmogorov spaces whi…
In this paper we study the existence and the dynamics of a very special class of motions, which satisfy a strong global minimization property. More precisely, we call a free time minimizer a curve which satisfies the least action principle between any pair of its points without the constraint of time for the variations. An example of a free time minimizer defined on an unbounded interval is a parabolic homothetic motion by a minimal central confguration. The existence of a large amount of free time minimizers can be deduced from the weak KAM theorem. In particular, for any choice of x0, there …
The celebrated KAM Theory says that if one makes a small perturbation of a non-degenerate completely integrable system, we still see a huge measure of invariant tori with quasi-periodic dynamics in the perturbed system. These invariant tori are known as KAM tori. What happens outside KAM tori draws a lot of attention. In this paper we present a Lagrangian perturbation of the geodesic flow on a flat 3-torus. The perturbation is $C^\infty$ small but the flow has a positive measure of trajectories with positive Lyapunov exponent, namely, the flow has positive metric entropy. From this result we g…
In the present paper, we will discuss the following non-degenerate Hamiltonian system \begin{equation*} H(θ,t,I)=\frac{H_0(I)}{\varepsilon^{a}}+\frac{P(θ,t,I)}{\varepsilon^{b}}, \end{equation*} where $(θ,t,I)\in\mathbf{T}^{d+1}\times[1,2]^d$ ($\mathbf{T}:=\mathbf{R}/{2π\mathbf{Z}}$), $a,b$ are given positive constants with $a>b$, $H_0: [1,2]^d\rightarrow \mathbf R$ is real analytic and $P: \mathbf T^{d+1}\times [1,2]^d\rightarrow \mathbf R$ is $C^{\ell}$ with $\ell=\frac{2(d+1)(5a-b+2ad)}{a-b}+μ$, $0<μ\ll1$. We prove that if $\varepsilon$ is sufficiently small, there is an invariant torus with…
We prove that generically, both in a topological and measure-theoretical sense, an invariant Lagrangian Diophantine torus of a Hamiltonian system is doubly exponentially stable in the sense that nearby solutions remain close to the torus for an interval of time which is doubly exponentially large with respect to the inverse of the distance to the torus. We also prove that for an arbitrary small perturbation of a generic integrable Hamiltonian system, there is a set of almost full positive Lebesgue measure of KAM tori which are doubly exponentially stable. Our results hold true for real-analyti…
In this work we consider the KAM renormalizability problem for small pseudodifferential perturbations of the semiclassical isochronous transport operator with Diophantine frequencies on the torus. Assuming that the symbol of the perturbation is real analytic and globally bounded, we prove convergence of the quantum Lindstedt series and describe completely the set of semiclassical measures and quantum limits of the renormalized system. Each of these measures is given by symplectic deformation of the Haar measure on an invariant torus for the unperturbed classical system.
In the framework of toroidal Pseudodifferential operators on the flat torus $\Bbb T^n := (\Bbb R / 2π\Bbb Z)^n$ we begin by proving the closure under composition for the class of Weyl operators $\mathrm{Op}^w_\hbar(b)$ with simbols $b \in S^m (\mathbb{T}^n \times \mathbb{R}^n)$. Subsequently, we consider $\mathrm{Op}^w_\hbar(H)$ when $H=\frac{1}{2} |η|^2 + V(x)$ where $V \in C^\infty (\Bbb T^n;\Bbb R)$ and we exhibit the toroidal version of the equation for the Wigner transform of the solution of the Schrödinger equation. Moreover, we prove the convergence (in a weak sense) of the Wigner trans…
We study a standard two-parameter family of area-preserving torus diffeomorphisms, known in theoretical physics as the kicked Harper model, by a combination of topological arguments and KAM-theory. We concentrate on the structure of the parameter sets where the rotation set has empty and non-empty interior, respectively, and describe their qualitative properties and scaling behaviour both for small and large parameters. This confirms numerical observations about the onset of diffusion in the physics literature. As a byproduct, we obtain the continuity of the rotation set within the class of Ha…
We provide evidence of the existence of KAM quasi-periodic attractors for a dissipative model in Celestial Mechanics. We compute the attractors extremely close to the breakdown threshold. We consider the spin-orbit problem describing the motion of a triaxial satellite around a central planet under the simplifying assumption that the center of mass of the satellite moves on a Keplerian orbit, the spin-axis is perpendicular to the orbit plane and coincides with the shortest physical axis. We also assume that the satellite is non-rigid; as a consequence, the problem is affected by a dissipative t…
