We consider a system of diffusing particles on the real line in a quadratic external potential and with repulsive electrostatic interaction. The empirical measure process is known to converge weakly to a deterministic measure-valued process as the number of particles tends to infinity. Provided the initial fluctuations are small, the rescaled linear statistics of the empirical measure process converge in distribution to a Gaussian limit for sufficiently smooth test functions. We derive explicit general formulae for the mean and covariance in this central limit theorem by analyzing a partial differential equation characterizing the limiting fluctuations.
We prove an equality-in-law relating the maximum of GUE Dyson's Brownian motion and the non-colliding systems with a wall. This generalizes the well known relation between the maximum of a Brownian motion and a reflected Brownian motion.
We study the joint asymptotic behavior of spacings between particles at the edge of multilevel Dyson Brownian motions, when the number of levels tends to infinity. Despite the global interactions between particles in multilevel Dyson Brownian motions, we observe a decoupling phenomenon in the limit: the global interactions become negligible and only the local interactions remain. The resulting limiting objects are interacting particle systems which can be described as Brownian versions of certain totally asymmetric exclusion processes. This is the first appearance of a particle system with loc…
We study the linear statistics of the circular $β$-ensemble with a Stein's method argument, where the exchangeable pair is generated through circular Dyson Brownian motion. This generalizes previous results obtained in such a way for the CUE and provides a novel approach for studying linear statistics of $β$-ensembles. This approach allows studying simultaneously a collection of linear statistics whose number grows with the dimension of the ensemble. Also this approach requires estimating only low order moments of the linear statistics.
We analyze the rate of convergence of the local statistics of Dyson Brownian motion to the GOE/GUE for short times $t=o(1)$ with deterministic initial data V . Our main result states that if the density of states of $V$ is bounded both above and away from $0$ down to scales $\ell \ll t$ in a small interval of size $G \gg t$ around an energy $E_0$, then the local statistics coincide with the GOE/GUE near the energy $E_0$ after time $t$. Our methods are partly based on the idea of coupling two Dyson Brownian motions from [6], the parabolic regularity result of [15], and the eigenvalue rigidity r…
We introduce multilevel versions of Dyson Brownian motions of arbitrary parameter $β>0$, generalizing the interlacing reflected Brownian motions of Warren for $β=2$. Such processes unify $β$ corners processes and Dyson Brownian motions in a single object. Our approach is based on the approximation by certain multilevel discrete Markov chains of independent interest, which are defined by means of Jack symmetric polynomials. In particular, this approach allows to show that the levels in a multilevel Dyson Brownian motion are intertwined (at least for $β\ge 1$) and to give the corresponding link …
For general $β\geq 1$, we consider Dyson Brownian motion at equilibrium and prove convergence of the extremal particles to an ensemble of continuous sample paths in the limit $N \to \infty$. For each fixed time, this ensemble is distributed as the Airy$_β$ random point field. We prove that the increments of the limiting process are locally Brownian. When $β>1$ we prove that after subtracting a Brownian motion, the sample paths are almost surely locally $r$-H{ö}lder for any $r<1-(1+β)^{-1}$. Furthermore for all $β\geq 1$ we show that the limiting process solves an SDE in a weak sense. When $β=2…
We consider the edge statistics of Dyson Brownian motion with deterministic initial data. Our main result states that if the initial data has a spectral edge with rough square root behavior down to a scale $η_* \geq N^{-2/3}$ and no outliers, then after times $t \gg \sqrt{ η_*}$, the statistics at the spectral edge agree with the GOE/GUE. In particular we obtain the optimal time to equilibrium at the edge $t = N^{\varepsilon} / N^{1/3}$ for sufficiently regular initial data. Our methods rely on eigenvalue rigidity results similar to those appearing in [Lee-Schnelli], the coupling idea of [Bour…
We study the averaged products of characteristic polynomials for the Gaussian and Laguerre $β$-ensembles with external source, and prove Pearcey-type phase transitions for particular full rank perturbations of source. The phases are characterised by determining the explicit functional forms of the scaled limits of the averaged products of characteristic polynomials, which are given as certain multidimensional integrals, with dimension equal to the number of products.
Consider an $n\times n$ Hermitean matrix valued stochastic process $\{H_t\}_{t\geq 0}$ where the matrix elements evolve according to Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes. It is well known that the eigenvalues perform a so called Dyson Brownian motion, that is they behave as Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes conditioned never to intersect. In this paper we study not only the eigenvalues of the full matrix, but also the eigenvalues of all the principal minors. That is, the eigenvalues of the $k\times k$ in the upper left corner of $H_t$. If you project this process to a space-like path it is a determinantal …
A family of reflected Brownian motions is used to construct Dyson's process of non-colliding Brownian motions. A number of explicit formulae are given, including one for the distribution of a family of coalescing Brownian motions.
We show that for all positive beta the semigroups of beta-Dyson Brownian motions of different dimensions are intertwined. The proof relates beta-Dyson Brownian motions directly to Jack symmetric polynomials and omits an approximation of the former by discrete space Markov chains, thereby disposing of the technical assumption beta>1 in [GS]. The corresponding results for beta-Dyson Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes are also presented.
In this paper we study mesoscopic fluctuations for Dyson's Brownian motion with $β=2$. Dyson showed that the Gaussian Unitary Ensemble (GUE) is the invariant measure for this stochastic evolution and conjectured that, when starting from a generic configuration of initial points, the time that is needed for the GUE statistics to become dominant depends on the scale we look at: The microscopic correlations arrive at the equilibrium regime sooner than the macrosopic correlations. In this paper we investigate the transition on the intermediate, i.e. mesoscopic, scales. The time scales that we cons…
We study the ultrametric random matrix ensemble, whose independent entries have variances decaying exponentially in the metric induced by the tree topology on $\mathbb{N}$, and map out the entire localization regime in terms of eigenfunction localization and Poisson statistics. Our results complement existing works on complete delocalization and random matrix universality, thereby proving the existence of a phase transition in this model. In the simpler case of the Rosenzweig-Porter model, the analysis yields a complete characterization of the transition in the local statistics. The proofs are…
We show that the Brydges-Fröhlich-Spencer-Dynkin and the Le Jan's isomorphisms between the Gaussian free fields and the occupation times of symmetric Markov processes generalize to the $β$-Dyson's Brownian motion. For $β\in\{1,2,4\}$ this is a consequence of the Gaussian case, however the relation holds for general $β$. We further raise the question whether there is an analogue of $β$-Dyson's Brownian motion on general electrical networks, interpolating and extrapolating the fields of eigenvalues in matrix-valued Gaussian free fields. In the case $n=2$ we give a simple construction.
Dyson's Brownian motion model with the parameter $β=2$, which we simply call the Dyson model in the present paper, is realized as an $h$-transform of the absorbing Brownian motion in a Weyl chamber of type A. Depending on initial configuration with a finite number of particles, we define a set of entire functions and introduce a martingale for a system of independent complex Brownian motions (CBMs), which is expressed by a determinant of a matrix with elements given by the conformal transformations of CBMs by the entire functions. We prove that the Dyson model can be represented by the system …
Consider n non-intersecting particles on the real line (Dyson Brownian motions), all starting from the origin at time=0, and forced to return to x=0 at time=1. For large n, the average mean density of particles has its support, for each 0<t<1, within the interior of an ellipse. The Airy process is defined as the motion of these non-intersecting Brownian motions for large n, but viewed from an arbitrary point on the ellipse with an appropriate space-time rescaling. Assume now a finite number r of these particles are forced to a different target point. Does it affect the Brownian fluctuations al…
We study the spectrum of the kinetic Brownian motion in the space of $d\times d$ Hermitian matrices, $d\geq2$. We show that the eigenvalues stay distinct for all times, and that the process $Λ$ of eigenvalues is a kinetic diffusion (i.e. the pair $(Λ,\dotΛ)$ of $Λ$ and its derivative is Markovian) if and only if $d=2$. In the large scale and large time limit, we show that $Λ$ converges to the usual (Markovian) Dyson Brownian motion under suitable normalisation, regardless of the dimension.
This paper is the third chapter of three of the author's undergraduate thesis. In this paper, we study the convergence of local bulk statistics for linearized covariance matrices under Dyson's Brownian motion. We consider deterministic initial data $V$ approximate the Dyson Brownian motion for linearized covariance matrices by the Wigner flow. Using universality results for the Wigner flow, we deduce universality for the linearized covariance matrices. We deduce bulk universality of averaged bulk correlation functions for both biregular bipartite graphs and honest covariance matrices. We also …
In 1962, Dyson introduced dynamics in random matrix models, in particular into GUE (also for beta=1 and 4), by letting the entries evolve according to independent Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes. Dyson shows the spectral points of the matrix evolve according to non-intersecting Brownian motions. The present paper shows that the interlacing spectra of two consecutive principal minors form a Markov process (diffusion) as well. This diffusion consists of two sets of Dyson non-intersecting Brownian motions, with a specific interaction respecting the interlacing. This is revealed in the form of the ge…
A new type of Coulomb gas is defined, consisting of arbitrary numbers of point charges of two species executing Brownian motions under the influence of their mutual electrostatic repulsion. Being a generalization of a model of identical particles introduced by Dyson as a dynamical system describing non-equilibrium state of various random matrix ensembles, our system gives an exact mathematical description of the Brownian motion of charges of magnitudes $ Q_1 $ and $ Q_2 $, such that $ βQ_1 Q_2 = 1 $ on the line or circle, where $β$ is an inverse temperature of the gas.
We study Dyson Brownian motion with general potential $V$ and for general $β\geq 1$. For short times $t = o (1)$ and under suitable conditions on $V$ we obtain a local law and corresponding rigidity estimates on the particle locations; that is, with overwhelming probability, the particles are close to their classical locations with an almost-optimal error estimate. Under the condition that the density of states of the initial data is bounded below and above down to the scale $η_* \ll t \ll 1$, we prove a mesoscopic central limit theorem for linear statistics at all scales $N^{-1}\llη\ll t$
In this article, we consider flat and curved Riemannian symmetric spaces in the complex case and we study their basic integral kernels, in potential and spherical analysis: heat, Newton, Poisson kernels and spherical functions, i.e. the kernel of the spherical Fourier transform. We introduce and exploit a simple new method of construction of these $W$-invariant kernels by alternating sum formulas. We then use the alternating sum representation of these kernels to obtain their asymptotic behavior. We apply our results to the Dyson Brownian Motion on $R^d$.
In this paper, we compare the solutions of Dyson Brownian motion with general $β$ and potential $V$ and the associated McKean-Vlasov equation near the edge. Under suitable conditions on the initial data and potential $V$, we obtain the optimal rigidity estimates of particle locations near the edge for short time $t=\text{o}(1)$. Our argument uses the method of characteristics along with a careful estimate involving an equation of the edge. With the rigidity estimates as an input, we prove a central limit theorem for mesoscopic statistics near the edge which, as far as we know, have been done f…
The present paper is concerned with properties of multiple Schramm--Loewner evolutions (SLEs) labelled by a parameter $κ\in (0,8]$. Specifically, we consider the solution of the multiple Loewner equation driven by a time change of Dyson's Brownian motions in the non-colliding regime. Although it is often considered that several properties of the solution can be studied by means of commutation relations of SLEs and the absolute continuity, this method is available only in the case that the curves generated by commuting SLEs are separated. Beyond this restriction, it is not even obvious that the…
We compute analytically the probability $S(t)$ that a set of $N$ Brownian paths do not cross each other and stay below a moving boundary $g(τ)= W \sqrtτ$ up to time $t$. We show that for large $t$ it decays as a power law $S(t) \sim t^{- β(N,W)}$. The decay exponent $β(N,W)$ is obtained as the ground state energy of a quantum system of $N$ non-interacting fermions in a harmonic well in the presence of an infinite hard wall at position $W$. Explicit expressions for $β(N,W)$ are obtained in various limits of $N$ and $W$, in particular for large $N$ and large $W$. We obtain the joint distribution…
We access the edge of Gaussian beta ensembles with one spike by analyzing high powers of the associated tridiagonal matrix models. In the classical cases beta=1, 2, 4, this corresponds to studying the fluctuations of the largest eigenvalues of additive rank one perturbations of the GOE/GUE/GSE random matrices. In the infinite-dimensional limit, we arrive at a one-parameter family of random Feynman-Kac type semigroups, which features the stochastic Airy semigroup of Gorin and Shkolnikov [13] as an extreme case. Our analysis also provides Feynman-Kac formulas for the spiked stochastic Airy opera…
In this article, we study multiple $SLE_κ$, for $κ\in(0,4]$, driven by Dyson Brownian motion. This model was introduced in the unit disk by Cardy in connection with the Calogero-Sutherland model. We prove the Carathéodory convergence of perturbed Loewner chains under different initial conditions and under different diffusivity $κ\in (0,4]$ for the case of $N=2$ driving forces. Our proofs use the analysis of Bessel processes and estimates on Loewner differential equation with multiple driving forces. In the last section, we estimate the Hausdorff distance of the hulls under perturbations of the…
Dyson's model in infinite dimensions is a system of Brownian particles interacting via a logarithmic potential with an inverse temperature of $ β= 2$. The stochastic process is given as a solution to an infinite-dimensional stochastic differential equation. Additionally, a Dirichlet form with the sine$ _2$ point process as a reference measure constructs the stochastic process as a functional of the associated configuration-valued diffusion process. In this paper, we prove that Dyson's model in infinite dimensions is irreducible.
We show that at any location away from the spectral edge, the eigenvalues of the Gaussian unitary ensemble and its general beta siblings converge to Sine_beta, a translation invariant point process. This process has a geometric description in term of the Brownian carousel, a deterministic function of Brownian motion in the hyperbolic plane. The Brownian carousel, a description of the a continuum limit of random matrices, provides a convenient way to analyze the limiting point processes. We show that the gap probability of Sine_beta is continuous in the gap size and $β$, and compute its asympto…
In this paper, we consider tridiagonal matrices the eigenvalues of which evolve according to $β$-Dyson Brownian motion. This is the stochastic gradient flow on $\mathbb{R}^n$ given by, for all $1 \leq i \leq n,$ \[ dλ_{i,t} = \sqrt{\frac{2}β}dZ_{i,t} - \biggl( \frac{V'(λ_i)}{2} - \sum_{j: j \neq i} \frac{1}{λ_i - λ_j} \biggr)\,dt \] where $V$ is a constraining potential and $\left\{ Z_{i,t} \right\}_1^n$ are independent standard Brownian motions. This flow is stationary with respect to the distribution \[ ρ^β_N(λ) = \frac{1}{Z^β_N} e^{-\fracβ{2} \left( -\sum_{1 \leq i \neq j \leq N} \log|λ_i -…
In the paper [7] we studied the temporally inhomogeneous system of non-colliding Brownian motions and proved that multi-time correlation functions are generally given by the quaternion determinants in the sense of Dyson and Mehta. In this report we give another proof of the equivalent statement using Fredholm determinant and Fredholm pfaffian, and claim that the present system is a typical example of pfaffian processes.
In a celebrated paper, Dyson shows that the spectrum of an n\times n random Hermitian matrix, diffusing according to an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process, evolves as n noncolliding Brownian motions held together by a drift term. The universal edge and bulk scalings for Hermitian random matrices, applied to the Dyson process, lead to the Airy and Sine processes. In particular, the Airy process is a continuous stationary process, describing the motion of the outermost particle of the Dyson Brownian motion, when the number of particles gets large, with space and time appropriately rescaled. In this pape…
We study the generalized Dyson Brownian motion (GDBM) of an interacting $N$-particle system with logarithmic Coulomb interaction and general potential $V$. Under reasonable condition on $V$, we prove the existence and uniqueness of strong solution to SDE for GDBM. We then prove that the family of the empirical measures of GDBM is tight on $\mathcal {C}([0,T],\mathscr{P}(\mathbb{R}))$ and all the large $N$ limits satisfy a nonlinear McKean-Vlasov equation. Inspired by previous works due to Biane and Speicher, Carrillo, McCann and Villani, we prove that the McKean-Vlasov equation is indeed the g…
We show that the Laplace transforms of traces of words in independant unitary Brownian motions converge towards an analytic function on a non trivial disc. This results allow to study asymptotics of Wilson loops under the unitary Yang-Mills measure on the plane. The limiting objects obtained are shown to be characterized by equations analog to Schwinger-Dyson's ones, named here after Makeenko and Migdal.
Using Itô's calculus and the mass optimal transportation theory, we study the generalized Dyson Brownian motion (GDBM) and the associated McKean-Vlasov evolution equation with an external potential $V$. Under suitable condition on $V$, we prove the existence and uniqueness of strong solution to SDE for GDBM. Standard argument shows that the family of the process of empirical measures $L_N(t)$ of GDBM is tight and every accumulative point of $L_N(t)$ in the weak convergence topology is a weak solution of the associated McKean-Vlasov evolution equation, which can be realized as the gradient flow…
We establish universality for the largest singular values of products of random matrices with right unitarily invariant distributions, in a regime where the number of matrix factors and size of the matrices tend to infinity simultaneously. The behavior of the largest log singular values coincides with the large N limit of Dyson Brownian motion with a characteristic drift vector consisting of equally spaced coordinates, which matches the large N limit of the largest log singular values of Brownian motion on GL(N, C). Our method utilizes the formalism of multivariate Bessel generating functions,…
The Bessel process with parameter $D>1$ and the Dyson model of interacting Brownian motions with coupling constant $β>0$ are extended to the processes in which the drift term and the interaction terms are given by the logarithmic derivatives of Jacobi's theta functions. They are called the elliptic Bessel process, eBES$^{(D)}$, and the elliptic Dyson model, eDYS$^{(β)}$, respectively. Both are realized on the circumference of a circle $[0, 2 πr)$ with radius $r >0$ as temporally inhomogeneous processes defined in a finite time interval $[0, t_*), t_* < \infty$. Transformations of them to Schrö…
