We present an algorithm which, given a deformation with trivial section of a reduced plane curve singularity, computes equations for the equisingularity stratum (that is, the mu-constant stratum in characteristic 0) in the parameter space of the deformation. The algorithm works for any, not necessarily reduced, parameter space and for algebroid curve singularities C defined over an algebraically closed field of characteristic 0 (or of characteristic p>ord(C)). It provides at the same time an algorithm for computing the equisingularity ideal of J. Wahl. The algorithms have been implemented in the computer algebra system Singular. We show them at work by considering two non-trivial examples. As the article is also meant for non-specialists in singularity theory, we include a short survey on new methods and results about equisingularity in characteristic 0.
Given a birational normal extension S of a two-dimensional local regular ring R, we describe all the equisingularity types of the complete ideals J in R whose blowing-up has some point at which the local ring is analytically isomorphic to S. The problem of classifying the germs of such normal surface singularities was already posed by Spivakovsky (Ann. of Math. 1990). This problem has two parts: discrete and continous. The continous part is to some extent equivalent to the problem of the moduli of plane curve singularities, while the main result of this paper solves completely the discrete par…
We prove that if two plane curve singularities are equisingular, then they are topologically equivalent. The method we will use is P.~Fortuny~Ayuso's who proved this result for irreducible plane curve singularities.
This paper is the second part of a two part paper which introduces the study of the Whitney Equisingularity of families of Symmetric determinantal singularities. This study reveals how to use the multiplicity of polar curves associated to a generic deformation of a singularity to control the Whitney equisingularity type of these curves.
We study the topological triviality and the Whitney equisingularity of a family of isolated determinantal singularities. On one hand, we give a Lê-Ramanujam type theorem for this kind of singularities by using the vanishing Euler characteristic. On the other hand, we extend the results of Teissier and Gaffney about the Whitney equisingularity of hypersurfaces and complete intersections, respectively, in terms of the constancy of the polar multiplicities.
In this survey, we report on progress concerning families of projective curves with fixed number and fixed (topological or analytic) types of singularities. We are, in particular, interested in numerical, universal and asymptotically proper sufficient conditions to guarantee the nonemptyness, T-smoothness and irreducibility of the variety of all projective curves with prescribed singularities in a fixed linear system. We also discuss the analogous problem for hypersurfaces of arbitrary dimension with isolated singularities, and we close with a section on open problems and conjectures.
In an unpublished lecture note, J. Briançon observed that if $\{f_t\}$ is a family of isolated complex hypersurface singularities such that the Newton boundary of $f_t$ is independent of $t$ and $f_t$ is non-degenerate, then the corresponding family of hypersurfaces $\{f_t^{-1}(0)\}$ is Whitney equisingular (and hence topologically equisingular). A first generalization of this assertion to families with non-isolated singularities was given by the second author under a rather technical condition. In the present paper, we give a new generalization under a simpler condition.
Let $C$ be an isolated plane curve singularity, and $(C,l)$ be a decorated curve. In this article we compare the equisingular deformations of $C$ and the sandwiched singularity $X(C,l)$. We will prove that for $l \gg 0$ the functor of equisingular deformations of $C$ and $(C,l)$ are equivalent. From this we deduce a proof of a formula for the dimension of the equisingular stratum. Furthermore we will show how compute the equisingularity ideal of the curve singularity $C$, given the minimal (good) resolution of $C$.
We study the equisingularity of a family of function germs $\{f_t\colon(X_t,0)\to (\mathbb{C},0)\}$, where $(X_t,0)$ are $d$-dimensional isolated determinantal singularities. We define the $(d-1)$th polar multiplicity of the fibers $X_t\cap f_t^{-1}(0)$ and we show how the constancy of the polar multiplicities is related to the constancy of the Milnor number of $f_t$ and the Whitney equisingularity of the family.
We introduce the restricted local volume of a relatively very ample invertible sheaf as an invariant of equisingularity by determining its change across families. We apply this result to give numerical control of Whitney-Thom (differential) equisingularity for families of isolated complex analytic singularities. The characterization of the vanishing of the local volume gives rise to the class of deficient conormal (dc) singularities. We introduce a notion of generalized smoothability by considering the class of singularities that deform to dc singularities. Using Whitney stratifications and th…
The purpose, mainly expository and speculative, of this paper---an outgrowth of a survey lecture at the September 1997 Obergurgl working week---is to indicate some (not all) of the efforts that have been made to interpret equisingularity, and connections among them; and to suggest directions for further exploration. Zariski defined equisingularity on an n-dimensional hypersurface V via stratification by ``dimensionality type," an integer associated to a point by means of a generic local projection to affine n-space. A possibly more intuitive concept of equisingularity can be based on stratific…
In this paper we give some criteria for a family of generically reduced plane curve singularities to be equinormalizable. The first criterion is based on the $δ$-invariant of a (non-reduced) curve singularity which is introduced by Brücker-Greuel (\cite{BG}). The second criterion is based on the I-equisingularity of a $k$-parametric family ($k\geq 1$) of generically reduced plane curve singularities, which is introduced by Nobile (\cite{No}) for one-parametric families. The equivalence of some kinds of equisingularities of a family of generically reduced plane curve singularities is also studi…
Germs of plane curve singularities can be classified accordingly to their equisingularity type. For singularities over C, this important data coincides with the topological class. In this paper, we characterise a family of singularities, containing irreducible ones, whose equisingularity type can be computed in quasi-linear time with respect to the discriminant valuation of a Weierstrass equation.
We prove the analogue of Viehweg's hyperbolicity conjecture for Whitney equisingular families of projective varieties with Gorenstein rational singularities whose geometric generic fiber has a good minimal model. Namely, for such families with maximal variation, the base spaces are of log general type. The main new ingredient is the use of intersection complexes as Hodge modules in the construction of logarithmic Higgs sheaves by Viehweg-Zuo and Popa-Schnell. This construction suggests an equisingular stratification of the moduli space of varieties of general type, with each stratum being hype…
The study of Essentially Isolated Determinantal Singularites or EIDS was initiated by Ebeling and Gusein-Zade. They are non-smoothable as determinantal singularities, and in general have non-isolated singularities. Their singularities are generic in a deleted neighborhood of the origin, hence their description as "essentially isolated". In this paper we study these singularities from the "landscape" point of view introduced in MathArxiv 1501.00201. Using this point of view we show a connection between invariants coming from the topology of the stabilization and invariants coming from the infin…
The bi-Lipschitz geometry is one of the main subjects in the modern approach of Singularity Theory. However, it rises from works of important mathematicians of the last century, especially Zariski. In this work we investigate the Bi-Lipschitz equisingularity of families of Essentially Isolated Determinantal Singularities inspired by the approach of Mostowski and Gaffney.
In this paper we develop the theory of equisingular deformations of plane curve singularities in arbitrary characteristic. We study equisingular deformations of the parametrization and of the equation and show that the base space of its semiuniveral deformation is smooth in both cases. Our approach through deformations of the parametrization is elementary and we show that equisingular deformations of the parametrization form a linear subfunctor of all deformations of the parametrization. This gives additional information, even in characteristic zero, the case which was treated by J. Wahl. The …
We can associate with any irreducible curve singularity (ics) a numerical semigroup. Two ics are said to be equisingular if they have the same semigroup. Two equisingular ics have the same Milnor number. Conversely, The set of ics with a given Milnor number is a union of equisingular classes. Here we study ics from an algorithmic viewpoint, by using the notion of approximate roots. We give two algorithms: the first one constructs the canonical equation of a curve with a given semigroup. The second one gives the set of semigroups with a fixed Milnor number. The paper is backed by Maple and Math…
We prove that if $\{f_t\}$ is a family of line singularities with constant Lê numbers and such that $f_0$ is a homogeneous polynomial, then $\{f_t\}$ is equimultiple. This extends to line singularities a well known theorem of A. M. Gabrièlov and A. G. Kušnirenko concerning isolated singularities. As an application, we show that if $\{f_t\}$ is a topologically $\mathscr{V}$-equisingular family of line singularities, with $f_0$ homogeneous, then $\{f_t\}$ is equimultiple. This provides a new partial positive answer to the famous Zariski multiplicity conjecture for a special class of non-isolated…
We present new results on equisingularity and equinormalizability of families with isolated non-normal singularities (INNS) of arbitrary dimension. We define a $δ$-invariant and a $μ$-invariant for an INNS and prove necessary and sufficient numerical conditions for equinormalizability and weak equinormalizability using $δ$ and $μ$. Moreover, we determine the number of connected components of the Milnor fibre of an arbitrary INNS. For families of generically reduced curves, we investigate the topological behavior of the Milnor fibre and characterize topological triviality of such families. Fina…
Zariski equisingularity of surface singularities in $\mathbb C^3$ by a local invariant
Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, LJAD, UMR 7351（蔚蓝海岸大学、法国国家科学研究中心、JACQUES-路易·勒格朗分析研究所）；School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Sydney（悉尼大学数学与统计学院）
In the study of equisingularity of isolated singularities we have the classical theorem of Briancon, Speder and Teissier which states that a family of isolated hypersurface singularities is Whitney equisingular if and only if the mu^*-sequence for a hypersurface is constant in the family. In this paper we generalize to non-isolated hypersurface singularities. By assuming non-contractibility of strata of a Whitney stratification of the non-isolated singularities outside the origin we show that Whitney equisingularity of a family is equivalent to constancy of a certain selection of invariants fr…
Suppose that $f$ defines a singular, complex affine hypersurface. If the critical locus of $f$ is one-dimensional at the origin, we obtain new general bounds on the ranks of the homology groups of the Milnor fiber, $F_{f, \mathbf 0}$, of $f$ at the origin, with either integral or $\mathbb Z/p\mathbb Z$ coefficients. If the critical locus of $f$ has arbitrary dimension, we show that the smallest possibly non-zero reduced Betti number of $F_{f, \mathbf 0}$ completely determines if $f$ defines a family of isolated singularities, over a smooth base, with constant Milnor number. This result has a n…
In the 1970s O. Zariski introduced a general theory of equisingularity for algebroid and algebraic hypersurfaces over an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero. His theory builds up on understanding the dimensionality type of hypersurface singularities, notion defined recursively by considering the discriminants loci of successive "generic" corank 1 projections. The theory of singularities of dimensionality type 1, that is the ones appearing generically in codimension 1, was developed by Zariski in his foundational papers on equisingular families of plane curve singularities. In thi…
We study geometric properties of certain obstructed equisingular families of projective hypersurfaces with emphasis on smoothness, reducibility, being reduced, and having expected dimension. In the case of minimal obstructness, we give a detailed description of such families corresponding to quasihomogeneous singularities. Next we study the behavior of these properties with respect to stable equivalence of singularities. We show that under certain conditions, stabilization of singularities ensures the existence of a reduced component of expected dimension. For minimally obstructed families the…
We investigate the equisingularity question for $1$-parameter deformation families of mixed polynomial functions $f_t(\mathbf{z},\bar{\mathbf{z}})$ from the Newton polygon point of view. We show that if the members $f_t$ of the family satisfy a number of elementary conditions, which can be easily described in terms of the Newton polygon, then the corresponding family of mixed hypersurfaces $f_t^{-1}(0)$ is Whitney equisingular (and hence topologically equisingular) and satisfies the Thom condition.
This paper is the first part of a two part paper which introduces the study of the Whitney Equisingularity of families of Symmetric determinantal singularities. This study reveals how to use the multiplicity of polar curves associated to a generic deformation of a singularity to control the Whitney equisingularity type of these curves.
We study complex spatial quartic surfaces with simple singularities up to equisingular deformations; as a first step, give a complete equisingular deformation classification of the so-called non-special simple quartic surfaces.
In this survey paper we give an overview on some aspects of singularities of algebraic varieties over an algebraically closed field of arbitrary characteristic. We review in particular results on equisingularity of plane curve singularities, classification of hypersurface singularities and determinacy of arbitrary singularities. The section on equisingularity has its roots in two important early papers by Antonio Campillo. One emphasis is on the differences between positive and zero characteristic and on open problems.
We continue the development of the study of the equisingularity of isolated singularities, in the determinantal case. This version of the paper includes a substantial amount of new material (76% larger). The new material introduces the idea of the landscape of singularity, which includes the allowable deformations of the singularity and associated structure useful for equisingularity questions. Fixing a presentation matrix M of a determinantal singularity means viewing the singularity as a section via M of the set of matrices of a given or smaller rank. Varying M gives the allowable deformatio…
We study "straight equisingular deformations", a linear subfunctor of all equisingular deformations and describe their seminuniversal deformation by an ideal containing the fixed Tjurina ideal. Moreover, we show that the base space of the seminuniversal straight equisingular deformation appears as the fibre of a morphism from the μ-constant stratum onto a punctual Hilbert scheme parametrizing certain zero-dimensional schemes concentrated in the singular point. Although equisingular deformations of plane curve singularities are very well understood, we believe that this aspect may give a new in…
We study the Euler characteristic of the Milnor fibre of a hypersurface singularity. This invariant is given in terms of the Euler characteristic of a fibre in between the original singularity and its Milnor fibre and in terms of the Euler characteristics associated to strata of the in-between fibre. From this we can deduce a result of Massey and Siersma regarding singularities with a one-dimensional critical locus. The result is also applied to the study of equisingularity. The famous Briançon-Speder-Teissier result states that a family of isolated hypersurface singularities is equisingular i…
We investigate properties of the contact exponent (in the sense of Hironaka [Hi]) of plane algebroid curve singularities over algebraically closed fields of arbitrary characteristic. We prove that the contact exponent is an equisingularity invariant and give a new proof of the stability of the maximal contact. Then we prove a bound for the Milnor number and determine the equisingularity class of algebroid curves for which this bound is attained. We do not use the method of Newton's diagrams. Our tool is the logarithmic distance developed in [GB-P1].
Let $(X,0)$ be an ICIS of dimension 2 and let $f:(X,0)\to (\C^2,0)$ be a map germ with an isolated instability. We look at the invariants that appear when $X_s$ is a smoothing of $(X,0)$ and $f_s:X_s\to B_ε$ is a stabilization of $f$. We find relations between these invariants and also give necessary and sufficient conditions for a $1$-parameter family to be Whitney equisingular. As an application, we show that a family $(X_t,0)$ is Zariski equisingular if and only if it is Whitney equisingular and the numbers of cusps and double folds of a generic linear projection are constant on $t$.
This paper addresses a very classical topic that goes back at least to Plücker: how to understand a plane curve singularity using its polar curves. Here, we explicitly construct the singular points of a plane curve singularity directly from the weighted cluster of base points of its polars. In particular, we determine the equisingularity class (or topological equivalence class) of a germ of plane curve from the equisingularity class of generic polars and combinatorial data about the non-singular points shared by them.
Greuel, Lossen and Shustin gave a general sufficient numerical condition for the T-smoothness (smoothness and expected dimension) of equisingular families of plane curves. This condition involves a new invariant γfor plane curve singularities, and it is conjectured to be asymptotically proper. In math.AG/0308247, similar sufficient numerical conditions are obtained for the T-smoothness of equisingular families on various classes surfaces. These conditions involve a series of invariants γ_a, 0 <= a <= 1, with γ_1=γ. In the present paper we compute (respectively give bounds for) these invariants…
We give a description of the equisingularity of a family of normal surface singularities by numerical invariants belonging to them. By equisingularity we mean Whitney regularity or a more restrictive condition using the Nash modification.
This is the LaTeX version of the handwritten notes of a lecture at the Kyoto Singularities Symposium held at the RIMS in April 1978. It presents the relationship of various invariants of isolated singularities of complex analytic hypersurfaces with the jacobian Newton polygon built from the polar curves. An appendix presents features of the semiring of Newton polygons, because the product of Jacobian Newton polygons corresponds to the Thom-Sebastiani sum of hypersurfaces. Analogies between mixed multiplicities and mixed volumes are noticed. They have been explained since.
For $m \in \mathbb{N}$, we determine the irreducible components of the $m$-th Jet Scheme of a complex branch $C$ and give formulas for their number $N(m)$ and for their codimensions, in terms of $m$ and the generators of the semigroup of $C$. This structure of the Jet Schemes determines and is determined by the topological type of $C$.
We study the behavior of limits of tangents in topologically equivalent spaces. In the context of families of generically reduced curves, we introduce the $s$-invariant of a curve and we show that in a Whitney equisingular family with the property that the $s$-invariant is constant along the parameter space, the number of tangents of each curve of the family is constant. In the context of families of isolated surface singularities, we show through examples that Whitney equisingularity is not sufficient to ensure that the tangent cones of the family are homeomorphic. We explain how the existenc…
We focus on topological equisingularity of families of holomorphic function germs with 1-dimensional critical set. We introduce the notion of equisingularity at the critical set and prove that any family which is equisingular at the critical set is topologically equisingular. We show that if a family of germs with 1-dimensional critical set has constant generic Le numbers then it is equisingular at the critical set, and hence topologically equisingular (answering a question of D. Massey). We use this to modify the definition of singularity stem present in the literature, introducing and charac…
It is well known that the equisingularity class of the general polar of a plane branch is not the same for all branches in a given equisingularity class, but it is the same for sufficiently general ones and depends upon the analytic type of the branch. The aim of this paper is to go beyond generality and show how one could describe the equisingularity classes of (general) polars of all branches in a given equisingularity class, making use of the analytic classification of branches as described in previous work by the first two authors. We will show how this works in some particular equisingula…
Francesco Severi showed that equisingular families of plane nodal curves are T-smooth, i.e. smooth of the expected dimension, whenever they are non-empty. For families with more complicated singularities this is no longer true. Given a divisor D on a smooth projective surface it thus makes sense to look for conditions which ensure that the family V of irreducible curves in the linear system |D| with precisely r singular points of types S1,...,Sr is T-smooth. Considering different surfaces including the projective plane, general surfaces in projective 3-space, products of curves and geometrical…
Very few examples of obstructed equsingular families of curves on surfaces other than the projective plane are known. Combining results from Westenberger and Hirano with an idea from math.AG/9802009 we give in the present paper series of examples of families of irreducible curves with simple singularities on surfaces in projective three-space which are not T--smooth, i.e. do not have the expected dimension, and we compare this with conditions (showing the same asymptotics) which ensure the existence of a T--smooth component.
We consider a conjectured topological inequality for the number of equisingular moduli of a rational surface singularity, and prove it in some natural special cases. When the resolution dual graph is "sufficiently negative" (in a precise sense), we verify the inequality via an easy cohomological vanishing theorem, which implies that this number is computed simply from the graph (Theorem 3.10). To consider an important and less restrictive meaning of "sufficiently negative" requires a much more difficult "hard vanishing theorem" (Theorem 4.5), which is false in characteristic p. Theorem 7.9 ver…
We consider flat families of reduced curves on a smooth surface S such that each member C has the same number of singularities of fixed singularity types and the corresponding (locally closed) subscheme H of the Hilbert scheme of S. We are mainly concerned with analytic resp. topological singularity types and give a sufficient condition for the smoothness of H (at C). Our results for S=P^2 seem to be quite sharp for families of cuves of small degree d.
We present a short proof of the fact that two irreducible germs of plane analytic curves are isotopic if they are equisingular, without recourse to the structure of the associated knots.
We develop an algorithm detecting real representatives in equisingular strata of projective models of $K3$-surfaces. We apply this algorithm to spatial quartics and find two new examples of real strata without real representatives. As a by-product, we also give a new proof for the only previously known example of plane sextics.
We give a criterion to test geometric properties such as Whitney equisingularity and Thom's $a_f$ condition for new families of (possibly non-isolated) hypersurface singularities that "behave well" with respect to their Newton diagrams. As an important corollary, we obtain that in such families all members have isomorphic Milnor fibrations.
In this paper we give a positive answer to a question of Dimca and Greuel about the quotient between the Milnor and the Tjurina numbers for any irreducible germ of plane curve singularity. This result is based on a closed formula for the minimal Tjurina number of an equisingularity class in terms of the sequence of multiplicities of the strict transform along a resolution. The key points for the proof are previous results by Genzmer, Wall and Mattei.
We characterize the equisingularity classes of irreducible plane curve germs whose general members have a Newton nondegenerate general polar curve. In addition, we give explicit Zariski open sets of curves in such equisingularity classes whose general polars are Newton nondegenerate and describe their topology.
We report on the problem of the existence of complex and real algebraic curves in the plane with prescribed singularities up to analytic and topological equivalence. The question is whether, for a given positive integer $d$ and a finite number of given analytic or topological singularity types, there exist a plane (irreducible) curve of degree $d$ having singular points of the given type as its only singularities. The set of all such curves is a quasi-projective variety, which we call an equisingular family (ESF). We describe, in terms of numerical invariants of the curves and their singularit…
We analyze the expansions in terms of the approximate roots of a Weierstrass polynomial $f$ defining a plane branch $(C,0)$, in the light of the toric embedded resolution of the branch. This leads to the definition of a class of (non equisingular) deformations of a plane branch $(C,0)$ supported on certain monomials in the approximate roots of $f$. As a consequence we find out a Kouchnirenko type formula for the Milnor number $(C,0)$. Our results provide a geometrical approach to Abhyankar's straight line conditions and its consequences. As an application we give an equisingularity criterion f…
