Recently, in papers by Knutson, Tao and Woodward, Henriques and Kamnitzer, Pak and Vallejo have been constructed several interesting bijections of associativity and commutativity. In the first two papers bijections relate special sets of discretely concave functions (hives) on triangular grids and the octahedron recurrence plays the key role for these bijections. Pak and Vallejo related special sets of Young tableaux and constructions of these bijections based on standard algorithms in this theory, jeu de taquen, Schutzenberger involution, tableaux switching, etc. In this paper we investigate these constructions from the third point of view, combinatorics of arrays, theory worked out recently by the authors. Arrays naturally related as well to functions on the lattice of integers as to Young tableaux. In the tensor category of arrays, the bijections of associativity and commutativity arise naturally. We establish coincidence of our bijections with that defined in the first two papers and in the integer-valued set-up with the bijection in the third paper (that is, in particular, a solution of Conjecture 1 by Pak and Vallejo). In order to relate different approaches and to reveal combinatorics of the octahedron recurrence, we, first, show that the octahedron recurrence agrees with discrete convexity and, second, we construct another bijection using the octahedron recurrence, the functional form of the RSK correspondence.
We investigate a variant of the octahedron recurrence which lives in a 3-dimensional lattice contained in [0,n] x [0,m] x R. Generalizing results of David Speyer math.CO/0402452, we give an explicit non-recursive formula for the values of this recurrence in terms of perfect matchings. We then use it to prove that the octahedron recurrence is periodic of period n+m. This result is reminiscent of Fomin and Zelevinsky's theorem about the periodicity of Y-systems.
We use the octahedron recurrence to give a simplified statement and proof of a formula for iterated birational rowmotion on a product of two chains, first described by Musiker and Roby. Using this, we show that weights of certain chains in rectangles shift in a predictable way under the action of rowmotion. We then define generalized Stanley-Thomas words whose cyclic rotation uniquely determines birational rowmotion on the product of two chains. We also discuss the relationship between rowmotion and birational RSK and give a birational analogue of Greene's theorem in this setting.
Motivated by the problem of giving a bijective proof of the fact that the birational RSK correspondence satisfies the octahedron recurrence, we define interlacing networks, which are certain planar directed networks with a rigid structure of sources and sinks. We describe an involution that swaps paths in these networks and leads to Plücker-like three-term relations among path weights. We show that indeed these relations follow from the Plücker relations in the Grassmannian together with some simple rank properties of the matrices corresponding to our interlacing networks. The space of matrice…
We study a recurrence defined on a three dimensional lattice and prove that its values are Laurent polynomials in the initial conditions with all coefficients equal to one. This recurrence was studied by Propp and by Fomin and Zelivinsky. Fomin and Zelivinsky were able to prove Laurentness and conjectured that the coefficients were 1. Our proof establishes a bijection between the terms of the Laurent polynomial and the perfect matchings of certain graphs, generalizing the theory of Aztec diamonds. In particular, this shows that the coefficients of this polynomial, and polynomials obtained by s…
We start with an ``algebraic'' RSK-correspondence due to Noumi and Yamada. Given a matrix $X$, we consider a pyramidal array of solid minors of $X$. It turns out that this array satisfies an algebraic variant of octahedron recurrence. The main observation is that this array can also be constructed with the help of some square `genetic' array. Next we tropicalize this algebraic construction and consider $T$-{\em polarized} pyramidal arrays (that is arrays satisfying octahedral relations). As a result we get several bijections, viz: a) a linear bijection between non-negative arrays and supermodu…
We study the hive model of gl(n) tensor products, following Knutson, Tao, and Woodward. We define a coboundary category where the tensor product is given by hives and where the associator and commutor are defined using a modified octahedron recurrence. We then prove that this category is equivalent to the category of crystals for the Lie algebra gl(n). The proof of this equivalence uses a new connection between the octahedron recurrence and the Jeu de Taquin and Schutzenberger involution procedures on Young tableaux.
We show that a family of multivariate polynomials recently introduced by Bessenrodt and Stanley can be expressed as solution of the octahedron recurrence with suitable initial data. This leads to generalizations and explicit expressions as path or dimer partition functions.
We define the_hive ring_, which has a basis indexed by dominant weights for GL(n), and structure constants given by counting hives [KT1] (or equivalently honeycombs, or Berenstein-Zelevinsky patterns [BZ1]). We use the octahedron rule from [Robbins-Rumsey,Fomin-Zelevinsky,Propp,Speyer] to prove bijectively that this "ring" is indeed associative. This, and the Pieri rule, give a self-contained proof that the hive ring is isomorphic as a ring-with-basis to the representation ring of GL(n). In the honeycomb interpretation, the octahedron rule becomes "scattering" of the honeycombs. This recovers …
We introduce a recurrence which we term the multidimensional cube recurrence, generalizing the octahedron recurrence studied by Propp, Fomin and Zelevinsky, Speyer, and Fock and Goncharov and the three-dimensional cube recurrence studied by Fomin and Zelevinsky, and Carroll and Speyer. The states of this recurrence are indexed by tilings of a polygon with rhombi, and the variables in the recurrence are indexed by vertices of these tilings. We travel from one state of the recurrence to another by performing elementary flips. We show that the values of the recurrence are independent of the order…
We show that the Catalan-Schroeder convolution recurrences and their higher order generalizations can be solved using Riordan arrays and the Catalan numbers. We investigate the Hankel transforms of many of the recurrence solutions, and indicate that Somos $4$ sequences often arise. We exhibit relations between recurrences, Riordan arrays, elliptic curves and Somos $4$ sequences. We furthermore indicate how one can associate a family of orthogonal polynomials to a point on an elliptic curve, whose moments are related to recurrence solutions.
We define a triangular array closely related to Stern's diatomic array and show that for a fixed integer $r\geq 1$, the sum $u_r(n)$ of the $r$th powers of the entries in row $n$ satisfy a linear recurrence with constant coefficients. The proof technique yields a vast generalization. In certain cases we can be more explicit about the resulting linear recurrence.
Stanley, building on work of Stern, defined an array of numbers by the recurrence $s(n, 2k) = s(n-1, k)$, $s(n, 2k+1) = s(n-1, k) + s(n-1, k+1)$. Stanley showed that, for each positive integer $r$, the sequence $s_n^r:= \sum_k s(n,k)^r$ obeys a homogeneous linear recurrence in $n$ of length $r/2+O(1)$. Numerical evidence, however, suggested that $s_n^r$ obeys shorter recurrences, of length $r/3+O(1)$. We prove Stanley's conjecture.
We approach Riordan arrays and their generalizations via umbral symbolic methods. This new approach allows us to derive fundamental aspects of the theory of Riordan arrays as immediate consequences of the umbral version of the classical Abel's identity for polynomials. In particular, we obtain a novel non-recursive formula for Riordan arrays and derive, from this new formula, some known recurrences and a new recurrence relation for Riordan arrays.
We describe how the reversion of a series is related to convolutional recurrence relations for the series, and we place this relationship in the context of Riordan arrays. As an example of the approach, we give new recurrence relations for the sequences of Patalan numbers. We also consider the concepts of recursive matrices and dual Riordan arrays, and their application to previous work on the super Patalan numbers.
We will use overlays and templates derived from two-dimensional recurrence relations to build the arrays, and we will study the structure of the overlays, including initial conditions and basis arrays.
We show that Laurent biorthogonal polynomials whose defining three-term recurrence have constant coefficients have coefficient arrays that are Riordan arrays. For each such family of Laurent biorthogonal polynomials we associate in a natural way a family of orthogonal polynomials. We also extend these results to a notion of generalized orthogonal polynomials whose recurrence depends on three parameters.
We study the triangular array defined by the Graham--Knuth--Patashnik recurrence $T(n,k) = (αn + βk + γ)\, T(n-1,k)+(α' n + β' k + γ') \, T(n-1,k-1)$ with initial condition $T(0,k) = δ_{k0}$ and parameters $\mathbfμ = (α,β,γ, α',β',γ')$. We show that the family of arrays $T(\mathbfμ)$ is invariant under a 48-element discrete group isomorphic to $S_3 \times D_4$. Our main result is to determine all parameter sets $\mathbfμ \in \mathbb{C}^6$ for which the ordinary generating function $f(x,t) = \sum_{n,k=0}^\infty T(n,k) \, x^k t^n$ is given by a Stieltjes-type continued fraction in $t$ with coef…
For the calculation of Springer numbers (of root systems) of type $B_n$ and $D_n$, Arnold introduced a signed analogue of alternating permutations, called $β_n$-snakes, and derived recurrence relations for enumerating the $β_n$-snakes starting with $k$. The results are presented in the form of double triangular arrays ($v_{n,k}$) of integers, $1\le |k|\le n$. An Arnold family is a sequence of sets of such objects as $β_n$-snakes that are counted by $(v_{n,k})$. As a refinement of Arnold's result, we give analogous arrays of polynomials, defined by recurrence, for the calculation of the polynom…
