This paper shows how the theory of adaptive observers can be effectively used in the design internal models for nonlinear output regulation. The main result obtained in this way is a new method for the synthesis of adaptive internal models which substantially enhances the existing theory of adaptive output regulation, by allowing nonlinear internal models and more general classes of controlled plants.
A new framework for adaptive regulation to invariant sets is proposed. Reaching the target dynamics (invariant set) is to be ensured by state feedback while adaptation to parametric uncertainties is provided by additional adaptation algorithm. We show that for a sufficiently large class of nonlinear systems it is possible to adaptively steer the system trajectories to the desired non-equilibrium state without requiring knowledge or existence of a specific strict Lyapunov function.
This paper considers the synchronized output regulation (SOR) problem of nonlinear multi-agent systems with switching graph. The SOR means that all agents regulate their outputs to synchronize on the output of a predefined common exosystem. Each agent constructs its local exosystem with the same dynamics as that of the common exosystem and exchanges the state information of the local exosystem. It is shown that the SOR is solvable under the assumptions same as that for nonlinear output regulation of a single agent, if the switching graph satisfies the bounded interconnectivity times condition.…
In this paper we show how nonlinear internal models can be effectively used in the design of output regulators for nonlinear systems. This result provides a significant enhancement of the non-equilibrium theory for output regulation, which we have presented in the recent paper entitled "Limit Sets, Zero Dynamics, and Internal Models in the Problem of Nonlinear Output Regulation".
In this paper, we first present an adaptive distributed observer for a discrete-time leader system. This adaptive distributed observer will provide, to each follower, not only the estimation of the leader's signal, but also the estimation of the leader's system matrix. Then, based on the estimation of the matrix S, we devise a discrete adaptive algorithm to calculate the solution to the regulator equations associated with each follower, and obtain an estimated feedforward control gain. Finally, we solve the cooperative output regulation problem for discrete-time linear multi-agent systems by b…
This paper shows how the theory of nonlinear adaptive observers can be effectively used in the design of internal models for nonlinear output regulation. The theory substantially enhances the existing results in the context of {\em adaptive} output regulation, by allowing for not necessarily stable zero dynamics of the controlled plant and by weakening the standard assumption of having the steady state control input generated by a linear system.
In this paper, adaptive set-point regulation controllers for discrete-time nonlinear systems are constructed. The system to be controlled is assumed to have a parametric uncertainty, and an excitation signal is used in order to obtain the parameter estimate. The proposed controller belongs to the category of indirect adaptive controllers, and its construction is based on the policy of calculating the control input rather than that of obtaining a control law. The proposed method solves the adaptive set-point regulation problem under the (possibly minimal) assumption that the target state is rea…
This paper considers the cooperative output regulation problem for linear multi-agent systems with a directed communication graph, heterogeneous linear subsystems, and an exosystem whose output is available to only a subset of subsystems. Both the cases with nominal and uncertain linear subsystems are studied. For the case with nominal linear subsystems, a distributed adaptive observer-based controller is designed, where the distributed adaptive observer is implemented for the subsystems to estimate the exogenous signal. For the case with uncertain linear subsystems, the proposed distributed o…
The voltage received by each customer connected to a power distribution line with local controllers (inverters) is regulated to be within a desired margin through a class of slope-restricted controllers, known conventionally as \emph{droop} controllers. We adapt the design of the droop controllers according to the known bounds of the net power consumption of each customer in each observation time window. A sufficient condition for voltage regulation is provided for each time window, which guides the design of the droop controllers, depending on the properties of the distribution line (line imp…
In this paper, we consider the output synchronization problem for a network of heterogeneous diffusively-coupled nonlinear agents. Specifically, we show how the (non-identical) agents can be controlled in such a way that their outputs asymptotically track the output of a prescribed nonlinear exosystem. The problem is solved in two steps. In the first step, the problem of achieving consensus among (identical) nonlinear reference generators is addressed. In this respect, it is shown how the techniques recently developed to solve the consensus problem among linear agents can be extended to agents…
In this paper, we study the event-triggered global robust practical output regulation problem for a class of nonlinear systems in output feedback form with any relative degree. Our approach consists of the following three steps. First, we design an internal model and an observer to form the so-called extended augmented system. Second, we convert the original problem into the event-triggered global robust practical stabilization problem of the extended augmented system. Third, we design an output-based event-triggered control law and a Zeno-free output-based event-triggered mechanism to solve t…
The prescribed-time stabilization problem for a general class of nonlinear systems with unknown input gain and appended dynamics (with unmeasured state) is addressed. Unlike the asymptotic stabilization problem, the prescribed-time stabilization objective requires convergence of the state to the origin in a finite time that can be arbitrarily picked (i.e., prescribed) by the control system designer irrespective of the initial condition of the system. The class of systems considered is allowed to have general nonlinear uncertain terms throughout the system dynamics as well as uncertain appended…
This paper studies the event-triggered cooperative global robust output regulation problem for a class of nonlinear multi-agent systems via a distributed internal model design. We show that our problem can be solved practically in the sense that the ultimate bound of the tracking error can be made arbitrarily small by adjusting a design parameter in the proposed event-triggered mechanism. Our result offers a few new features. First, our control law is robust against both external disturbances and parameter uncertainties, which are allowed to belong to some arbitrarily large prescribed compact …
Control of warm-water supply for dialysis treatment in a hospital environment is typical of safety-critical control problems. In order to guarantee the continuity of warm-water supply satisfying physical specifications for a wide range of operating conditions, it is inevitable to consider the nonlinearity involved in a dynamic model of a warm-water supply system for the control design. In this paper, we propose to incorporate control specifications described by signal temporal logic, which is a temporal logic with semantics over finite-time signals in formal methods, into the so-called Koopman…
The paper deals with the problem of output regulation in a "non-equilibrium" context for a special class of multivariable nonlinear systems stabilizable by high-gain feedback. A post-processing internal model design suitable for the multivariable nature of the system, which might have more inputs than regulation errors, is proposed. Uncertainties in the system and exosystem are dealt with by assuming that the ideal steady state input belongs to a certain "class of signals" by which an appropriate model set for the internal model can be derived. The adaptation mechanism for the internal model i…
We consider the problem of designing a state feedback control law to achieve nonovershooting tracking for feedback linearisable multiple-input multiple-output nonlinear systems. The reference signal is assumed to be obtained from a linear exosystem. The design method adopts known methods for the nonovershooting tracking of linear systems and extends them to the output regulation of feedback linearisable nonlinear systems. The method accommodates arbitrary initial conditions and offers design choice of the tracking convergence speed.
In the absence of persistency of excitation (PE), referring to adaptive control systems as "asymptotically stable" typically indicates insufficient understanding of stability concepts. While the state is indeed regulated to zero and the parameter estimate has some limit, namely, the overall state converges to some equilibrium, the equilibrium reached is not unique (and not even necessarily stable) but is dependent on the initial condition. The equilibrium set in the absence of PE is not uniformly attractive (from an open set containing the equilibrium set); hence, asymptotic stability does not…
An adaptive funnel control method is considered for the regulation of the output for a class of nonlinear infinite-dimensional systems on real Hilbert spaces. After a decomposition of the state space and some change of variables related to the Byrnes-Isidori form, it is shown that the funnel controller presented in (Berger et al., 2020) achieves the control objective under some assumptions on the nonlinear system dynamics, like well-posedness and Bounded-Input-State Bounded-Output (BISBO) stability. The theory is applied to the regulation of the temperature in a chemical plug-flow tubular reac…
Initial hopes of quickly eradicating the COVID-19 pandemic proved futile, and the goal shifted to controlling the peak of the infection, so as to minimize the load on healthcare systems. To that end, public health authorities intervened aggressively to institute social distancing, lock-down policies, and other Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions (NPIs). Given the high social, educational, psychological, and economic costs of NPIs, authorities tune them, alternatively tightening up or relaxing rules, with the result that, in effect, a relatively flat infection rate results. For example, during the…
Nonadaptive Output Regulation of Second-Order Nonlinear Uncertain Systems
School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology(自动化学院,北京理工大学);Beijing Institute of Technology Chongqing Innovation Center(北京理工大学重庆创新中心);Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University(化学工程系,皇后大学);Massachusetts Institute of Technology(麻省理工学院)
This paper is about the nonlinear local error feedback regulator problem. The plant is a nonlinear finite-dimensional system with a single control input and a single output and it is locally exponentially stable around the origin. The plant is driven, via a separate disturbance input, by a Lyapunov stable exosystem whose states are nonwandering. The reference signal that the plant output must track is a nonlinear function of the exosystem state. The local error feedback regulator problem is to design a dynamic feedback controller, with the tracking error as its input, such that (i) the closed-…
We present a model predictive control (MPC) framework to solve the constrained nonlinear output regulation problem. The main feature of the proposed framework is that the application does not require the solution to classical regulator (Francis-Byrnes-Isidori) equations or any other offline design procedure. In particular, the proposed formulation simply minimizes the predicted output error, possibly with some input regularization. Instead of using terminal cost/sets or a positive definite stage cost as is standard in MPC theory, we build on the theoretical results by Grimm et al. 2005 using a…
This paper presents an approach to target tracking that is based on a variable-gain integrator and the Newton-Raphson method for finding zeros of a function. Its underscoring idea is the determination of the feedback law by measurements of the system's output and estimation of its future state via lookahead simulation. The resulting feedback law is generally nonlinear. We first apply the proposed approach to tracking a constant reference by the output of nonlinear memoryless plants. Then we extend it in a number of directions, including the tracking of time-varying reference signals by dynamic…
This paper addresses the problem of controlling a variable-speed wind turbine with a Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG), modeled as an electromechanically-coupled nonlinear system with rotor voltages and blade pitch angle as its inputs, active and reactive powers as its outputs, and most of the aerodynamic and mechanical parameters as its uncertainties. Using a blend of linear and nonlinear control strategies (including feedback linearization, pole placement, uncertainty estimation, and gradient-based potential function minimization) as well as time-scale separation in the dynamics, we deve…
We investigate the problem of practical output regulation, i.e., to design a controller that brings the system output in the vicinity of a desired target value while keeping the other variables bounded. We consider uncertain systems that are possibly nonlinear and the uncertainty of their linear parts is modeled element-wise through a parametric family of matrix boxes. An optimization-based design procedure is proposed that delivers a continuous-time control and estimates the maximal regulation error. We also analyze an event-triggered emulation of this controller, which can be implemented on …
The paper deals with the control and regulation by integral controllers forthe nonlinear systems governed by scalar quasi-linear hyperbolic partial differentialequations. Both the control input and the measured output are located on the boundary.The closed-loop stabilization of the linearized model with the designed integral controlleris proved first by using the method of spectral analysis and then by the Lyapunov directmethod. Based on the elaborated Lyapunov function we prove local exponential stabilityof the nonlinear closed-loop system with the same controller. The output regulationto the…
In these notes we collect some results from several of the authors' works in order to make available a single source and show how the approximate geometric methods for regulation have been developed, and how the control design strategy has evolved from the theoretical methods, involving the regulator equations, to what we now call the regularized controller. In between these two extremes we developed, in a series of works, a fairly rigorous analysis of the regularization scheme leading to the regularized dynamic regulator equations and an iterative scheme that produces very accurate tracking a…