Suppose a sequence of random variables {X_n} has negative drift when above a certain threshold and has increments bounded in L^p. When p>2 this implies that EX_n is bounded above by a constant independent of n and the particular sequence {X_n}. When p=<2 there are counterexamples showing this does not hold. In general, increments bounded in L^p lead to a uniform L^r bound on X_n^+ for any r<p-1, but not for r>=p-1. These results are motivated by questions about stability of queueing networks.
This paper is a natural continuation of [8], where strong Markov processes are constructed in time inhomogeneous setting with Borel measurable uniformly bounded and uniformly nondegenerate diffusion and drift in $L_{d+1}(\mathbb{R}^{d+1})$. Here we study some properties of these processes such as higher summability of Green's functions, boundedness of resolvent operators in Lebesgue spaces, establish Itô's formula, and so on.
This paper is a natural continuation of \cite{Kr_20_2}, where strong Markov processes are constructed in time inhomogeneous setting with Borel measurable uniformly bounded and uniformly nondegenerate diffusion and drift in $L_{d+1}(\mathbb{R}^{d+1})$. Here we study some properties of these processes such as the probability to pass through narrow tubes, higher summability of Green's functions, and so on. The results seem to be new even if the diffusion is constant.
This paper is a natural continuation of \cite{Kr_20_2} and \cite{Kr_21_1} where strong Markov processes are constructed in time inhomogeneous setting with Borel measurable uniformly bounded and uniformly nondegenerate diffusion and drift in $L_{d+1}(\mathbb{R}^{d+1})$ and some properties of their Green's functions and probability of passing through narrow tubes are investigated. On the basis of this here we study some further properties of these processes such as Harnack inequality, Hölder continuity of potentials, Fanghua Lin estimates and so on.
We are interested in the Euler-Maruyama discretization of a stochastic differential equation in dimension $d$ with constant diffusion coefficient and bounded measurable drift coefficient. In the scheme, a randomization of the time variable is used to get rid of any regularity assumption of the drift in this variable. We prove weak convergence with order $1/2$ in total variation distance. When the drift has a spatial divergence in the sense of distributions with $ρ$-th power integrable with respect to the Lebesgue measure in space uniformly in time for some $ρ\ge d$, the order of convergence at…
By adopting the coupling by reflection and choosing an auxiliary function which is convex near infinity, we establish the exponential convergence of diffusion semigroups $(P_t)_{t\ge0}$ with respect to the standard $L^p$-Wasserstein distance for all $p\in[1,\infty)$. In particular, we show that for the Itô stochastic differential equation $$\d X_t=\d B_t+b(X_t)\,\d t,$$ if the drift term $b$ satisfies that for any $x,y\in\R^d$, $$\langle b(x)-b(y),x-y\rangle\le \begin{cases} K_1|x-y|^2,& |x-y|\le L; -K_2|x-y|^2,& |x-y|> L \end{cases}$$ holds with some positive constants $K_1$, $K_2$ and $L>0$,…
We derive integral formulas, involving the Airy function, for moments of the time a two-sided Brownian motion with parabolic drift attains its maximum.
In this paper, high-order moment, even exponential moment, estimates are established for the Hölder norm of solutions to stochastic differential equations driven by fractional Brownian motion whose drifts are measurable and have linear growth. As applications, we first study the weak uniqueness of solutions to fractional stochastic differential equations. Moreover, combining our estimates and the Fourier transform, we establish the existence of density of solutions to equations with irregular drifts.
In this paper, we first prove that the existence of a solution of SDEs under the assumptions that the drift coefficient is of linear growth and path--dependent, and diffusion coefficient is bounded, uniformly elliptic and Hölder continuous. We apply Gaussian upper bound for a probability density function of a solution of SDE without drift coefficient and local Novikov condition, in order to use Maruyama--Girsanov transformation. The aim of this paper is to prove the existence with explicit representations (under linear/super--linear growth condition), Gaussian two--sided bound and Hölder conti…
The fundamental inequality of Guivarc'h relates the entropy and the drift of random walks on groups. It is strict if and only if the random walk does not behave like the uniform measure on balls. We prove that, in any nonelementary hyperbolic group which is not virtually free, endowed with a word distance, the fundamental inequality is strict for symmetric measures with finite support, uniformly for measures with a given support. This answers a conjecture of S. Lalley. For admissible measures, this is proved using previous results of Ancona and Blach{è}re-Ha{ï}ssinsky-Mathieu. For non-admissib…
The existence of moments of first downward passage times of a spectrally negative Lévy process is governed by the general dynamics of the Lévy process, i.e. whether the Lévy process is drifting to $+\infty$, $-\infty$ or oscillates. Whenever the Lévy process drifts to $+\infty$, we prove that the $κ$-th moment of the first passage time (conditioned to be finite) exists if and only if the $(κ+1)$-th moment of the Lévy jump measure exists. This generalises a result shown earlier by Delbaen for Cramér-Lundberg risk processes \cite{Delbaen1990}. Whenever the Lévy process drifts to $-\infty$, we pr…
We study quantitative asymptotics of planar random walks that are spatially non-homogeneous but whose mean drifts have some regularity. Specifically, we study the first exit time $τ_α$ from a wedge with apex at the origin and interior half-angle $α$ by a non-homogeneous random walk on the square lattice with mean drift at $x$ of magnitude $O(1/|x|)$ as $|x| \to \infty$. This is the critical regime for the asymptotic behaviour: under mild conditions, a previous result of the authors (see arXiv:0910.1772) stated that $τ_α< \infty$ a.s. for any $α$ (while for a stronger drift field $τ_α$ is infin…
We consider two reflecting diffusion processes $(X_t)_{t \ge 0}$ with a moving reflection boundary given by a non-decreasing pure jump Markov process $(R_t)_{t \ge 0}$. Between the jumps of the reflection boundary the diffusion part behaves as a reflecting Brownian motion with negative drift or as a reflecting Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process. In both cases at rate $γ(X_t -R_t)$ for some $γ\ge 0$ the reflection boundary jumps to a new value chosen uniformly in $[R_{t-},X_t]$. Since after each jump of the reflection boundary the diffusions are reflected at a higher level we call the processes Brownia…
In this paper, we study a class of one-dimensional stochastic differential equations driven by fractional Brownian motion with Hurst parameter $H>\ff 1 2$. The drift term of the equation is locally Lipschitz and unbounded in the neighborhood of $0$. We show the existence, uniqueness and positivity of the solutions. The estimations of moments, including the negative power moments, are given. Based on these estimations, strong convergence of the positivity preserving drift-implicit Euler-type scheme is proved, and optimal convergence rate is obtained. By using Lamperti transformation, we show th…
We study the Cauchy problem for Schrödinger type stochastic partial differential equations with uniformly bounded coefficients on a curved space. We give conditions on the coefficients, on the drift and diffusion terms, on the Cauchy data, and on the spectral measure associated with the noise, such that the Cauchy problem admits a unique function-valued mild solution in the sense of Da Prato and Zabczyc.
Let $α\in(0,2)$ and $d\in{\mathbb N}$. Consider the following SDE in ${\mathbb R}^d$:$${\rm d}X_t=b(t,X_t){\rm d} t+a(t,X_{t-}){\rm d} L^{(α)}_t,\ \ X_0=x,$$where $L^{(α)}$ is a $d$-dimensional rotationally invariant $α$-stable process, $b:{\mathbb R}_+\times{\mathbb R}^d\to{\mathbb R}^d$ and $a:{\mathbb R}_+\times{\mathbb R}^d\to{\mathbb R}^d\otimes{\mathbb R}^d$ are H{ö}lder continuous functions in space, with respective order $β,γ\in (0,1)$ such that $(β\wedge γ)+α>1$, uniformly in $t$. Here $b$ may be unbounded.When $a$ is bounded and uniformly elliptic, we show that the unique solution $X…
We consider the first exit time $τ= \min \{n\ge 1 : S_n\le 0\}$ from the positive halfline of a random walk $S_n = \sum_1^n ξ_i, n\ge 1$ with i.d.d. summands having a negative drift ${\mathbb E} ξ= -a< 0$. Let $ξ^+ = \max (0, ξ_1)$. It is well-known that, for any $c>1$, the finiteness of ${\mathbb E}(ξ^+)^{c}$ implies the finiteness of ${\mathbb E} τ^c$ and, for any $c>0$, the finiteness of ${\mathbb E} \exp({cξ^+})$ implies that of ${\mathbb E} \exp({c'τ})$ where $c'>0$ is, in general, another constant that depends on $c$ and on the distribution of $ξ_1$. We consider the intermediate case, as…
We provide sharp bounds for the exponential moments and $p$-moments, $1\leqslant p \leqslant 2$, of the terminate distribution of a martingale whose square function is uniformly bounded by one. We introduce a Bellman function for the corresponding extremal problem and reduce it to the already known Bellman function on $\mathrm{BMO}([0,1])$. In the case of tail estimates, a similar reduction does not work exactly, so we come up with a fine supersolution that leads to sharp tail estimates.
We derive a lower bound for the probability that a random walk with i.i.d.\ increments and small negative drift $μ$ exceeds the value $x>0$ by time $N$. When the moment generating functions are bounded in an interval around the origin, this probability can be bounded below by $1-O(x|μ| \log N)$. The approach is elementary and does not use strong approximation theorems.
We derive expressions for the first three moments of the decision time (DT) distribution produced via first threshold crossings by sample paths of a drift-diffusion equation. The "pure" and "extended" diffusion processes are widely used to model two-alternative forced choice decisions, and, while simple formulae for accuracy, mean DT and coefficient of variation are readily available, third and higher moments and conditioned moments are not generally available. We provide explicit formulae for these, describe their behaviors as drift rates and starting points approach interesting limits, and, …
We introduce verifiable criteria for weak posterior consistency of identifiable Bayesian nonparametric inference for jump diffusions with unit diffusion coefficient and uniformly Lipschitz drift and jump coefficients in arbitrary dimension. The criteria are expressed in terms of coefficients of the SDEs describing the process, and do not depend on intractable quantities such as transition densities. We also show that products of discrete net and Dirichlet mixture model priors satisfy our conditions, again under an identifiability assumption. This generalises known results by incorporating jump…
For a family of random walks $\{S^{(a)}\}$ satisfying $\mathbf{E}S_1^{(a)}=-a<0$ we consider ladder epochs $τ^{(a)}=\min\{k\geq1: S_k^{(a)}<0\}$. We study the asymptotic, as $a\to0$, behaviour of $\mathbf{P}(τ^{(a)}>n)$ in the case when $n=n(a)\to\infty$. As a consequence we obtain also the growth rates of the moments of $τ^{(a)}$.
We consider random walks with finite second moment which drifts to $-\infty$ and have heavy tail. We focus on the events when the minimum and the final value of this walk belong to some compact set. We first specify the associated probability. Then, conditionally on such an event, we finely describe the trajectory of the random walk. It yields a decomposition theorem with respect to a random time giving a big jump whose distribution can be described explicitly.
We study a stochastic differential equation with an unbounded drift and general Hölder continuous noise of an arbitrary order. The corresponding equation turns out to have a unique solution that, depending on a particular shape of the drift, either stays above some continuous function or has continuous upper and lower bounds. Under some additional assumptions on the noise, we prove that the solution has moments of all orders. We complete the study providing a numerical scheme for the solution. As an illustration of our results and motivation for applications, we suggest two stochastic volatili…
We establish in this paper the existence of weak solutions of infinite-dimensional shift invariant stochastic differential equations driven by a Brownian term. The drift function is very general, in the sense that it is supposed to be neither bounded or continuous, nor Markov. On the initial law we only assume that it admits a finite specific entropy and a finite second moment. The originality of our method leads in the use of the specific entropy as a tightness tool and in the description of such infinite-dimensional stochastic process as solution of a variational problem on the path space. O…
Continuing the work of [9] who defined the restrictiveness of stochastic orders and calculated the restrictiveness of the usual stochastic order and the likelihood ratio order, we calculate the restrictiveness of the hazard rate order. Inspired by the works of [17] and [24], we propose a possible application of the restrictiveness results in randomness testing. We then apply a dimension reduction technique, that proved useful in obtaining the restrictiveness results, and provide an alternative proof for Whitworth's formula. By integrating the formula, we derive the moments of the maximal coord…
In this paper we consider the following SDE with distributional drift $b$: $$ {\rm d} X_t=σ(X_t){\rm d} B_t+b(X_t){\rm d} t,\ X_0=x\in{\mathbb R}^d, $$ where $σ$ is a bounded continuous and uniformly non-degenerate $d\times d$-matrix-valued function, $B$ is a $d$-dimensional standard Brownian motion. Let $α\in(0,\frac{1}{2}]$, $p\in(\frac{d}{1-α},\infty)$ and $β\in[α,1]$, $q\in(\frac{d}β,\infty)$. Assume $\|({\mathbb I}-Δ)^{-α/2}b\|_p+\|(-Δ)^{β/2}σ\|_q<\infty$. We show the existence and uniqueness of martingale solutions to the above SDE, and obtain sharp two-sided and gradient estimates of th…
In the paper "On Truncated Variation of Brownian Motion with Drift" (Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Math. 56 (2008), no.4, 267 - 281) we defined truncated variation of Brownian motion with drift, $W_t = B_t + μt, t\geq 0,$ where $(B_t)$ is a standard Brownian motion. Truncated variation differs from regular variation by neglecting jumps smaller than some fixed $c > 0$. We prove that truncated variation is a random variable with finite moment-generating function for any complex argument. We also define two closely related quantities - upward truncated variation and downward truncated variation. The defi…
Let D be a Dyck path chosen uniformly from the set of Dyck paths with 2n steps. We prove that the sequence of the exponential moments of the maximum of D normalized by the square root of n converges in the limit of infinite n, and therefore is bounded uniformly in n. This result justifies corresponding assumption used to prove certain estimates of high moments of large random matrices.
The well-known von Bahr--Esseen bound on the absolute $p$th moments of martingales with $p\in(1,2]$ is extended to a large class of moment functions, and now with a best possible constant factor (which depends on the moment function). This result appears to be new even for the power moments. As an application, measure concentration inequalities for separately Lipschitz functions on product spaces are obtained. Relations with $p$-uniformly smooth and $q$-uniformly convex normed spaces are discussed.
We study the effects of rounding on the moments of random variables. Specifically, given a random variable $X$ and its rounded counterpart $\operatorname{rd}(X)$, we study $|\mathbb{E}[X^k] - \mathbb{E}[\operatorname{rd}(X)^{k}]|$ for non-negative integer $k$. We consider the case that the rounding function $\operatorname{rd} : \mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{F}$ corresponds either to (i) rounding to the nearest point in some discrete set $\mathbb{F}$ or (ii) rounding randomly to either the nearest larger or smaller point in this same set with probabilities proportional to the distances to these points. …
The aim of this paper is to study the asymptotic properties of the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) of the drift coefficient for fractional stochastic heat equation driven by an additive space-time noise. We consider the traditional for stochastic partial differential equations statistical experiment when the measurements are performed in the spectral domain, and in contrast to the existing literature, we study the asymptotic properties of the maximum likelihood (type) estimators (MLE) when both, the number of Fourier modes and the time go to infinity. In the first part of the paper we consi…
