To any two graphs G and H one can associate a cell complex Hom(G,H) by taking all graph multihomorphisms from G to H as cells.
In this paper we prove the Lovasz Conjecture which states that if Hom(C_{2r+1},G) is k-connected, then χ(G)\geq k+4, where r,k\in Z, r\geq 1, k\geq -1, and C_{2r+1} denotes the cycle with 2r+1 vertices. The proof requires analysis of the complexes Hom(C_{2r+1},K_n). For even n, the obstructions to graph colorings are provided by the presence of torsion in H^*(Hom(C_{2r+1},K_n);Z). For odd n, the obstructions are expressed as vanishing of certain powers of Stiefel-Whitney characteristic classes of Hom(C_{2r+1},K_n), where the latter are viewed as $\zz$-spaces with the involution induced by the reflection of C_{2r+1}.
The groupoid of projectivities, introduced by M. Joswig, serves as a basis for a construction of parallel transport of graph and more general $Hom$-complexes. In this framework we develop a general conceptual approach to the Lovasz Hom-conjecture, recently resolved by E. Babson and D. Kozlov, and extend their result from graphs to simplicial complexes. The paper also provides new evidence that the language and methods of groupoids, after being successfully tested in other major mathematical fields, offer new insights and perspectives for combinatorial applications.
A foundation is laid for a theory of combinatorial groupoids, allowing us to use concepts like ``holonomy'', ``parallel transport'', ``bundles'', ``combinatorial curvature'' etc. in the context of simplicial (polyhedral) complexes, posets, graphs, polytopes and other combinatorial objects. A new, holonomy-type invariant for cubical complexes is introduced, leading to a combinatorial ``Theorema Egregium'' for cubical complexes non-embeddable into cubical lattices. Parallel transport of Hom-complexes and maps is used as a tool for extending Babson-Kozlov-Lovasz graph coloring results to more gen…
Generalizing the concept of dense hypergraph, we say that a hypergraph is weakly dense, if no k in the half-open interval [2,sqrt(n)) is the degree of more than k^2 vertices. In our main result, we prove the famous Erdos-Faber-Lovasz conjecture when the hypergraph is weakly dense.
We establish a conjecture of Graham and Lovász that the (normalized) coefficients of the distance characteristic polynomial of a tree are unimodal; we also prove they are log-concave.
The Erdős-Faber-Lovász conjecture (posed in 1972) states that the chromatic index of any linear hypergraph on $n$ vertices is at most $n$. In this paper, we prove this conjecture for every large $n$. We also provide stability versions of this result, which confirm a prediction of Kahn.
Associated with every graph $G$ of chromatic number $χ$ is another graph $G'$. The vertex set of $G'$ consists of all $χ$-colorings of $G$, and two $χ$-colorings are adjacent when they differ on exactly one vertex. According to a conjecture of Björner and Lovász, this graph $G'$ must be disconnected. In this note we give a counterexample to this conjecture.
Graham and Lovász conjectured in 1978 that the sequence of normalized coefficients of the distance characteristic polynomial of a tree of order $n$ is unimodal with the maximum value occurring at $\lfloor\frac{n}{2}\rfloor$. In this paper we investigate this problem for block graphs. In particular, we prove the unimodality part and we establish the peak for several extremal cases of uniform block graphs with small diameter.
In this paper, we prove an enhanced version of the Erdős-Lovász Tihany Conjecture for line graphs of multigraphs. That is, for every graph $G$ whose chromatic number $χ(G)$ is more than its clique number $ω(G)$ and for nonnegative integer $\ell$, any two integers $s,t \geq 3.5\ell+2$ with $s+t = χ(G)+1$, there is a partition $(S,T)$ of the vertex set $V(G)$ such that $χ(G[S])\geq s$ and $χ(G[T])\geq t+\ell$. In particular, when $\ell=1$, we can obtain the same result just for any $s,t\geq4$. The Erdős-Lovász Tihany conjecture is a special case when $\ell=0$.
A linear hypergraph is intersecting if any two different edges have exactly one common vertex and an $n$-quasicluster is an intersecting linear hypergraph with $n$ edges each one containing at most $n$ vertices and every vertex is contained in at least two edges. The Erdös-Faber-Lovász Conjecture states that the chromatic number of any $n$-quasicluster is at most $n$. In the present note we prove the correctness of the conjecture for a new infinite class of $n$-quasiclusters using a specific edge coloring of the complete graph.
Let $s\ge2$ and $t\ge2$ be integers. A graph $G$ is $(s,t)$-\emph{splittable} if $V(G)$ can be partitioned into two sets $S$ and $T$ such that $χ(G[S])\geq s$ and $χ(G[T])\geq t$. The well-known Erdős-Lovász Tihany Conjecture from 1968 states that every graph $G$ whose chromatic number $χ(G)=s+t-1$ is more than its clique number $ω(G)$ is $(s,t)$-splittable. In this paper, we prove an enhanced version of the Erdős-Lovász Tihany Conjecture for graphs with independence number two. That is, for every graph $G$ with $χ(G)=s+t-1>ω(G)+1$ is $(s,t+1)$-splittable. There are examples showing that this …
In 1968, Erdös and Lovász conjectured that for every graph $G$ and all integers $s,t\geq 2$ such that $s+t-1=χ(G) > ω(G)$, there exists a partition $(S,T)$ of the vertex set of $G$ such that $χ(G|S)\geq s$ and $χ(G|T)\geq t$. For general graphs, the only settled cases of the conjecture are when $s$ and $t$ are small. Recently, the conjecture was proved for a few special classes of graphs: graphs with stability number 2 \cite{quasi-line}, line graphs \cite{line} and quasi-line graphs \cite{quasi-line}. In this paper, we consider the conjecture for claw-free graphs and present some progress on i…
The Erdős--Faber--Lovász Conjecture, posed in 1972, states that if a graph $G$ is the union of $n$ cliques of order $n$ (referred to as defining $n$-cliques) such that two cliques can share at most one vertex, then the vertices of $G$ can be properly coloured using $n$ colours. Although still open after almost 50 years, it can be easily shown that the conjecture is true when every shared vertex belongs to exactly two defining $n$-cliques. We here provide a quick and easy algorithm to colour the vertices of $G$ in this case, and discuss connections with clique-decompositions and edge-colourings…
In the way of proving Kneser's conjecture, László Lovász settled out a new lower bound for the chromatic number of graphs. He showed that if the hom complex $||Hom(\mathcal{K}_2, H)||$ of a graph $H$ is topologically $k$-connected, then its chromatic number, $χ(H)$, is at least $k+3$. After that, he made the following conjecture, to provide a better lower bound on the chromatic number of graphs. If $||Hom(C_{2r+1}, H)||$ is $k$-connected, then $χ(H)\geq k+4$, where $C_{2r+1}$ is an odd cycle of length $2r+1$. Finally, Björner and Lovász proposed a generalization of the Lovász conjecture as fol…
A hole in a graph is an induced cycle of length at least $4$. Let $s\ge2$ and $t\ge2$ be integers. A graph $G$ is $(s,t)$-splittable if $V(G)$ can be partitioned into two sets $S$ and $T$ such that $χ(G[S ]) \ge s$ and $χ(G[T ]) \ge t$. The well-known Erdős-Lovász Tihany Conjecture from 1968 states that every graph $G$ with $ω(G) < χ(G) = s + t - 1$ is $(s,t)$-splittable. This conjecture is hard, and few related results are known. However, it has been verified to be true for line graphs, quasi-line graphs, and graphs with independence number $2$. In this paper, we establish more evidence for t…
The Lovász conjecture holds for moderately dense Cayley graphs
University of Cambridge（剑桥大学）；Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford（牛津大学数学研究所）；New College, University of Oxford（牛津大学新学院）；Department of Mathematical Engineering and Center for Mathematical Modeling (CNRS IRL2807), University of Chile（智利大学数学工程系与数学建模中心）
In 1972, Erdös - Faber - Lovász (EFL) conjectured that, if $\textbf{H}$ is a linear hypergraph consisting of $n$ edges of cardinality $n$, then it is possible to color the vertices with $n$ colors so that no two vertices with the same color are in the same edge. In 1978, Deza, Erdös and Frankl had given an equivalent version of the same for graphs: Let $G= \bigcup _{i=1}^{n} A_i$ denote a graph with $n$ complete graphs $A_1, A_2,$ $ \dots , A_n$, each having exactly $n$ vertices and have the property that every pair of complete graphs has at most one common vertex, then the chromatic number of…
A graph $G$ with a perfect matching is called saturated if $G+e$ has more perfect matchings than $G$ for any edge $e$ that is not in $G$. Lovász gave a characterization of the saturated graphs called the cathedral theorem, with some applications to the enumeration problem of perfect matchings, and later Szigeti gave another proof. In this paper, we give a new proof with our preceding works which revealed canonical structures of general graphs with perfect matchings. Here, the cathedral theorem is derived in quite a natural way, providing more refined or generalized properties. Moreover, the ne…
The Kneser conjecture (1955) was proved by Lovász (1978) using the Borsuk-Ulam theorem; all subsequent proofs, extensions and generalizations also relied on Algebraic Topology results, namely the Borsuk-Ulam theorem and its extensions. Only in 2000, Matoušek provided the first combinatorial proof of the Kneser conjecture. Here we provide a hypergraph coloring theorem, with a combinatorial proof, which has as special cases the Kneser conjecture as well as its extensions and generalization by (hyper)graph coloring theorems of Dol'nikov, Alon-Frankl-Lovász, Sarkaria, and Kriz. We also give a comb…
In 1972, Erdös - Faber - Lovász (EFL) conjectured that, if $\textbf{H}$ is a linear hypergraph consisting of $n$ edges of cardinality $n$, then it is possible to color the vertices with $n$ colors so that no two vertices with the same color are in the same edge. In 1978, Deza, Erdös and Frankl had given an equivalent version of the same for graphs: Let $G= \bigcup_{i=1}^{n} A_i$ denote a graph with $n$ complete graphs $A_1, A_2,$ $ \dots , A_n$, each having exactly $n$ vertices and have the property that every pair of complete graphs has at most one common vertex, then the chromatic number of …
The subject of this work is the study of $\LS_+$-perfect graphs defined as those graphs $G$ for which the stable set polytope $\stab(G)$ is achieved in one iteration of Lovász-Schrijver PSD-operator $\LS_+$, applied to its edge relaxation $\estab(G)$. In particular, we look for a polyhedral relaxation of $\stab(G)$ that coincides with $\LS_+(\estab(G))$ and $\stab(G)$ if and only if $G$ is $\LS_+$-perfect. An according conjecture has been recently formulated ($\LS_+$-Perfect Graph Conjecture); here we verify it for the well-studied class of claw-free graphs.
In this article we define a minor relation, which is stronger than the classical one, but too strong to become a well-quasi-order on the class of finite graphs. Nevertheless, with this terminology we are able to introduce a conjecture, which would imply the Lovasz conjecture and give an interesting insight on the symmetry of vertex-transitive graphs, if true. Though it could become an approach to solve the Lovasz conjecture. These ideas were first introduced by the author in his Diploma Thesis.
The Lovasz Local Lemma is a seminal result in probabilistic combinatorics. It gives a sufficient condition on a probability space and a collection of events for the existence of an outcome that simultaneously avoids all of those events. Finding such an outcome by an efficient algorithm has been an active research topic for decades. Breakthrough work of Moser and Tardos (2009) presented an efficient algorithm for a general setting primarily characterized by a product structure on the probability space. In this work we present an efficient algorithm for a much more general setting. Our main assu…
The Hom-complexes were introduced by Lovasz to study topological obstructions to graph colorings. It was conjectured by Babson and Kozlov, and proved by Cukic and Kozlov, that Hom(G,K_n) is (n-d-2)-connected, where d is the maximal degree of a vertex of G. We give a short proof of the conjecture.
Let ${\mathcal C}$ be the category of finite graphs. Lovàsz (1967) shows that if $|\mathrm{Hom}(X,A)|=|\mathrm{Hom}(X,B)|$ holds for any $X$, then $A$ is isomorphic to $B$. Pultr (1973) gives a categorical generalization using a similar argument. Both proofs assume that each object has a finite number of isomorphism classes of subobjects. Generalizations without this assumption are given by Dawar, Jakl, and Reggio (2021) and Regio (2021). Here another generalization without this assumption is given, with a shorter proof. Examples of categories are given, for which our theorem is applicable, bu…
Our previous paper applied a lopsided version of the Lovász Local Lemma that allows negative dependency graphs to the space of random injections from an $m$-element set to an $n$-element set. Equivalently, the same story can be told about the space of random matchings in $K_{n,m}$. Now we show how the cited version of the Lovász Local Lemma applies to the space of random matchings in $K_{2n}$. We also prove tight upper bounds that asymptotically match the lower bound given by the Lovász Local Lemma. As a consequence, we give new proofs to results on the enumeration of $d$-regular graphs. The t…
By Lovasz' proof of the Kneser conjecture, the chromatic number of a graph G is bounded from below by the index of the Z_2-space Hom(K_2,G) plus two. We show that the cohomological index of Hom(K_2,G) is also greater than the cohomological index of the Z_2-space Hom(C_{2r+1}, G) for r>0. This gives a new and simple proof of the strong form of the graph colouring theorem by Babson and Kozlov, which had been conjectured by Lovasz, and at the same time shows that it never gives a stronger bound than can be obtained by Hom(K_2, G). The proof extends ideas introduced by Zivaljevic in a previous ele…
Gyori and Lovasz independently proved the following beautiful theorem. Let $k\ge2$ be an integer, let $G$ be a $k$-connected graph on $n$ vertices, let $v_1,v_2,\ldots,v_k$ be distinct vertices of $G$ and let $n_1,n_2,\ldots,n_k$ be positive integers with $n_1+n_2+\cdots+n_k=n$. Then $G$ has disjoint connected subgraphs $G_1,G_2,\ldots,G_k$ such that for $i=1,2,\ldots,k$ the graph $G_i$ has $n_i$ vertices and $v_i\in V(G_i)$. We give a self-contained exposition of Gyori's proof.
In this paper, we prove a generalization of a conjecture of Erdös, about the chromatic number of certain Kneser-type hypergraphs. For integers $n,k,r,s$ with $n\ge rk$ and $2\le s\le r$, the $r$-uniform general Kneser hypergraph $\mbox{KG}^r_s(n,k)$, has all $k$-subsets of $\{1,\dots,n\}$ as the vertex set and all multi-sets $\{A_1,\dots, A_r\}$ of $k$-subsets with $s$-wise empty intersections as the edge set. The case $r=s=2$, was considers by Kneser \cite{K} in 1955, where he conjectured that its chromatic number is $n-2(k-1)$. This was finally proved by Lovász \cite{L} in 1978. The case $r>…
Two classical upper bounds on the Shannon capacity of graphs are the $\vartheta$-function due to Lovász and the minrank parameter due to Haemers. We provide several explicit constructions of $n$-vertex graphs with a constant $\vartheta$-function and minrank at least $n^δ$ for a constant $δ>0$ (over various prime order fields). This implies a limitation on the $\vartheta$-function-based algorithmic approach to approximating the minrank parameter of graphs. The proofs involve linear spaces of multivariate polynomials and the method of higher incidence matrices.
Lovasz's striking proof of Kneser's conjecture from 1978 using the Borsuk--Ulam theorem provides a lower bound on the chromatic number of a graph. We introduce the shore subdivision of simplicial complexes and use it to show an upper bound to this topological lower bound and to construct a strong Z_2-deformation retraction from the box complex (in the version introduced by Matousek and Ziegler) to the Lovasz complex. In the process, we analyze and clarify the combinatorics of the complexes involved and link their structure via several ``intermediate'' complexes.
A connected $t$-chromatic graph $G$ is \dfn{double-critical} if $G \backslash\{u, v\}$ is $(t-2)$-colorable for each edge $uv\in E(G)$. A long standing conjecture of Erdős and Lovász that the complete graphs are the only double-critical $t$-chromatic graphs remains open for all $t\ge6$. Given the difficulty in settling Erdős and Lovász's conjecture and motivated by the well-known Hadwiger's conjecture, Kawarabayashi, Pedersen and Toft proposed a weaker conjecture that every double-critical $t$-chromatic graph contains a $K_t$ minor and verified their conjecture for $t\le7$. Albar and Gonçalves…
For any two graphs $G$ and $H$ Lovász has defined a cell complex $Hom(G,H)$ having in mind the general program that the algebraic invariants of these complexes should provide obstructions to graph colorings. Here we announce the proof of a conjecture of Lovász concerning these complexes with $G$ a cycle of odd length. More specifically, we show that: if $Hom(C_{2r+1},G)$ is $k$-connected, then $χ(G)\geq k+4$. Our actual statement is somewhat sharper, as we find obstructions already in the non-vanishing of powers of certain Stiefel-Whitney classes.
Motivated by the Erdos-Faber Lovasz conjecture (EFL) for hypergraphs, we explore relationships between several conjectures on the edge coloring of linear hypergraphs. In particular, we are able to increase the class of hypergraphs for which EFL is true.
Let $H: V(G) \rightarrow 2^{\mathbb{N}}$ be a set mapping for a graph $G$. Given a spanning subgraph $F$ of $G$, $F$ is called a {\it general factor} or an $H$-{\it factor} of $G$ if $d_{F}(x)\in H(x)$ for every vertex $x\in V(G)$. $H$-factor problems are, in general, $NP$-complete problems and imply many well-known factor problems (e.g., perfect matchings, $f$-factor problems and $(g, f)$-factor problems) as special cases. Lovász [The factorization of graphs (II), Acta Math. Hungar., 23 (1972), 223--246] gave a structure description and obtained a deficiency formula for $H$-optimal subgraphs.…
Moser and Tardos (2010) gave an algorithmic proof of the lopsided Lovász local lemma (LLL) in the variable framework, where each of the undesirable events is assumed to depend on a subset of a collection of independent random variables. For the proof, they define a notion of a lopsided dependency between the events suitable for this framework. In this work, we strengthen this notion, defining a novel directed notion of dependency and prove LLL for the corresponding graph. We show that this graph can be strictly sparser (thus the sufficient condition for LLL weaker) compared with graphs that co…
A connected $n$-chromatic graph $G$ is double-critical if for all the edges $xy$ of $G$, the graph $G-x-y$ is $(n-2)$-chromatic. In 1966, Erd\H os and Lovász conjectured that the only double-critical $n$-chromatic graph is $K_n$. This conjecture remains unresolved for $n \ge 6.$ In this short note, we verify this conjecture for claw-free graphs $G$ of chromatic number $6$.
This note is purely expository and is in Russian. We show how to prove interesting combinatorial results using the local Lovasz lemma. The note is accessible for students having basic knowledge of combinatorics; the notion of independence is defined and the Lovasz lemma is stated and proved. Our exposition follows `Probabilistic methods' of N. Alon and J. Spencer. The main difference is that we show how the proof could have been invented. The material is presented as a sequence of problems, which is peculiar not only to Zen monasteries but also to advanced mathematical education; most problems…
We show that the n-th power of the first Stiefel-Whitney class of the Z_2-operation on the graph complex Hom(C_{2r+1},K_{n+2})$ is zero, confirming a conjecture by Babson and Kozlov. This proves the strong form of their graph colouring theorem, which they had only proven for odd n. Our proof is also considerably simpler than their proof of the weak form of the theorem, which is also known as the Lovász conjecture.
A cactus graph is a graph in which any two cycles are edge-disjoint. We present a constructive proof of the fact that any plane graph $G$ contains a cactus subgraph $C$ where $C$ contains at least a $\frac{1}{6}$ fraction of the triangular faces of $G$. We also show that this ratio cannot be improved by showing a tight lower bound. Together with an algorithm for linear matroid parity, our bound implies two approximation algorithms for computing "dense planar structures" inside any graph: (i) A $\frac{1}{6}$ approximation algorithm for, given any graph $G$, finding a planar subgraph with a maxi…
We elucidate the close connection between the repulsive lattice gas in equilibrium statistical mechanics and the Lovasz local lemma in probabilistic combinatorics. We show that the conclusion of the Lovasz local lemma holds for dependency graph G and probabilities {p_x} if and only if the independent-set polynomial for G is nonvanishing in the polydisc of radii {p_x}. Furthermore, we show that the usual proof of the Lovasz local lemma -- which provides a sufficient condition for this to occur -- corresponds to a simple inductive argument for the nonvanishing of the independent-set polynomial i…
A vertex of a graph is bisimplicial if the set of its neighbors is the union of two cliques; a graph is quasi-line if every vertex is bisimplicial. A recent result of Chudnovsky and Seymour asserts that every non-empty even-hole-free graph has a bisimplicial vertex. Both Hadwiger's conjecture and the Erdős-Lovász Tihany conjecture have been shown to be true for quasi-line graphs, but are open for even-hole-free graphs. In this note, we prove that for all $k\ge7$, every even-hole-free graph with no $K_k$ minor is $(2k-5)$-colorable; every even-hole-free graph $G$ with $ω(G)<χ(G)=s+t-1$ satisfie…
In this paper we study implications of folds in both parameters of Lovász' Hom(-,-) complexes. There is an important connection between the topological properties of these complexes and lower bounds for chromatic numbers. We give a very short and conceptual proof of the fact that if G-v is a fold of G, then Bd(Hom(G,H)) collapses onto Bd Hom(G-v,H), whereas Hom(H,G) collapses onto Hom(H,G-v). We also give an easy inductive proof of the only nonelementary fact which we use for our arguments: if $ϕ$ is a closure operator on P, then $Δ(P)$ collapses onto $Δ(ϕ(P))$.
Establishing inequalities among graph densities is a central pursuit in extremal combinatorics. A standard tool to certify the nonnegativity of a graph density expression is to write it as a sum of squares. In this paper, we identify a simple condition under which a graph density expression cannot be a sum of squares. Using this result, we prove that the Blakley-Roy inequality does not have a sum of squares certificate when the path length is odd. We also show that the same Blakley-Roy inequalities cannot be certified by sums of squares using a multiplier of the form one plus a sum of squares.…
A fundamental result in the study of graph homomorphisms is Lovász's theorem that two graphs are isomorphic if and only if they admit the same number of homomorphisms from every graph. A line of work extending Lovász's result to more general types of graphs was recently capped by Cai and Govorov, who showed that it holds for graphs with vertex and edge weights from an arbitrary field of characteristic 0. In this work, we generalize from graph homomorphism -- a special case of #CSP with a single binary function -- to general #CSP by showing that two sets $\mathcal{F}$ and $\mathcal{G}$ of arbit…
We investigate vector chromatic number, Lovasz theta of the complement, and quantum chromatic number from the perspective of graph homomorphisms. We prove an analog of Sabidussi's theorem for each of these parameters, i.e. that for each of the parameters, the value on the Cartesian product of graphs is equal to the maximum of the values on the factors. We also prove an analog of Hedetniemi's conjecture for Lovasz theta of the complement, i.e. that its value on the categorical product of graphs is equal to the minimum of its values on the factors. We conjecture that the analogous results hold f…
In this paper, we present a minimal chordal completion $G^*$ of a graph $G$ satisfying the inequality $ω(G^*) - ω(G) \le i(G)$ for the non-chordality index $i(G)$ of $G$. In terms of our chordal completions, we partially settle the Hadwiger conjecture and the Erdős-Faber-Lovász Conjecture, and extend the known $χ$-bounded class by adding to it the family of graphs with bounded non-chordality indices.
The well-known 1-2-3 Conjecture asserts that the edges of every graph without an isolated edge can be weighted with $1$, $2$ and $3$ so that adjacent vertices receive distinct weighted degrees. This is open in general. We prove that every graph with minimum degree $δ\geq 10^6$ can be decomposed into two subgraphs requiring just weights $1$ and $2$ for the same goal. We thus prove the so-called Standard $(2,2)$-Conjecture for graphs with sufficiently large minimum degree. The result is in particular based on applications of the Lovász Local Lemma and theorems on degree-constrained subgraphs.
Graph homomorphism has been an important research topic since its introduction [17]. Stated in the language of binary relational structures in that paper [17], Lovász proved a fundamental theorem that, for a graph $H$ given by its $0$-$1$ valued adjacency matrix, the graph homomorphism function $G \mapsto \hom(G, H)$ determines the isomorphism type of $H$. In the past 50 years various extensions have been proved by many researchers [18, 12, 1, 23, 21]. These extend the basic $0$-$1$ case to admit vertex and edge weights; but these extensions all have some restrictions such as all vertex weight…
The celebrated Erdos, Faber and Lovasz conjecture may be stated as follows: Any linear hypergraph on v points has chromatic index at most v. We will introduce the linear intersection number of a graph, and use this number to give an alternative formulation of the conjecture. Finally, first results about the linear intersection number will be proved. For example, we will determine all graphs with maximal linear intersection number given the number of edges of the graph.
Solving a conjecture of M. H. Freedman, L. Lovász and A. Schrijver we prove that a graph parameter is edge reflection positive and multiplicative if and only if it can be represented by an edge coloring model.
