In this paper we give necessary and sufficient conditions for discreteness of a group generated by a hyperbolic element and an elliptic one of odd order. This completes the classification of discrete groups with non-$π$-loxodromic generators in the class of two-generator groups with real parameters. The criterion is given also as a list of all parameters that correspond to discrete groups. An interesting corollary of the result is that the group of the minimal known volume hyperbolic orbifold has real parameters.
We describe all real points of the parameter space of two-generator Kleinian groups with a parabolic generator, that is, we describe a certain two-dimensional slice through this space. In order to do this we gather together known discreteness criteria for two-generator groups and present them in the form of conditions on parameters. We complete the description by giving discreteness criteria for groups generated by a parabolic and a $π$-loxodromic elements whose commutator has real trace and present all orbifolds uniformized by such groups.
We deal with two-generator subgroups of PSL(2,C) with real traces of both generators and their commutator. We give discreteness criteria for these groups when at least one of the generators is parabolic. We also present a list of the corresponding orbifolds.
Let $G$ be a finitely generated group of isometries of $\HH^m$, hyperbolic $m$-space, for some positive integer $m$. %or equivalently elements of $PSL(2,\CC)$. The discreteness problem is to determine whether or not $G$ is discrete. Even in the case of a two generator non-elementary subgroup of $\HH^2$ (equivalently $PSL(2,\mathbb{R})$) the problem requires an algorithm \cite{GM,JGtwo}. If $G$ is discrete, one can ask when adjoining an $n$th root of a generator results in a discrete group. In this paper we address the issue for pairs of hyperbolic generators in $PSL(2, \RR)$ with disjoint axes…
The problem of determining whether or not a non-elementary subgroup of $PSL(2,\CC)$ is discrete is a long standing one. The importance of two generator subgroups comes from Jørgensen's inequality which has as a corollary the fact that a non-elementary subgroup of $PSL(2,\CC)$ is discrete if and only if every non-elementary two generator subgroup is. A solution even in the two-generator $PSL(2,\RR)$ case appears to require an algorithm that relies on a the concept of {\sl trace minimizing} that was initiated by Rosenberger and Purzitsky in the 1970's Their work has lead to many discreteness res…
The Gilman-Maskit algorithm for determining the discreteness or non-discreteness of a two-generator subgroup of $\mathrm{PSL}_2\mathbb{R}$ terminates with a pair of generators that are Farey words. The Farey words are primitive words that are indexed by rational numbers and infinity. The E-words, primitive words with palindromic product forms, are also indexed by rational numbers and infinity. We show a modification of the Gilman-Maskit algorithm so that the stopping generators are E-words.
There are certain families of words and word sequences (words in the generators of a two-generator group) that arise frequently in the Teichm{ü}ller theory of hyperbolic three-manifolds and Kleinian and Fuchsian groups and in the discreteness problem for two generator matrix groups. We survey some of the families of such words and sequences: the semigroup of so called {\sl good} words of Gehring-Martin, the so called {\sl killer} words of Gabai-Meyerhoff-NThurston, the Farey words of Keen-Series and Minsky, the discreteness-algorithm Fibonacci sequences of Gilman-Jiang and {\sl parabolic dust}…
We give a complete list of orbifolds uniformised by discrete non-elementary two-generator subgroups of PSL(2,C) without invariant plane whose generators and their commutator have real traces.
The discreteness problem, that is, the problem of determining whether or not a given finitely generated group G of orientation preserving isometries of hyperbolic three-space is discrete as a subgroup of the whole isometry group of hyperbolic three space, is a challenging problem that has been investigated for more than a century and is still open. It is known that G is discrete if, and only if, every non-elementary two generator subgroup is. Several sufficient conditions for discreteness are also known as are some necessary conditions, though no single necessary and sufficient condition is kn…
For the free group on n generators we prove that the discrete logarithm is distributed according to the standard Gaussian when the logarithm is renormalized appropriately.
We study certain polynomial trace identities in the group $SL(2,\IC)$ and their application in the theory of discrete groups. We obtain canonical representations for two generator groups in §4 and then in §5 we give a new proof for Gehring and Martin's polynomial trace identities for good words, and extend that result to a larger class which is also closed under a semigroup operation inducing polynomial composition. This new approach is through the use of quaternion algebras over indefinites and an associated group of units. We obtain structure theorems for these quaternion algebras which appe…
In this paper, we consider the automorphism groups of the Cayley graph with respect to the Coxeter generators and the Davis complex of an arbitrary Coxeter group. We determine for which Coxeter groups these automorphism groups are discrete. In the case where they are discrete, we express them as semidirect products of two obvious families of automorphisms. This extends a result of Haglund and Paulin.
The Gehring-Martin-Tan inequality for 2-generator subgroups of PSL(2,C) is one of the best known discreteness conditions. A Kleinian group $G$ is called a Gehring-Martin-Tan group if the equality holds for the group $G$. We give a method for constructing Gehring-Martin-Tan groups with a generator of order four and present some examples. These groups arise as groups of finite volume hyperbolic 3-orbifolds.
Several musical scales, like the major scale, can be described as finite arithmetic sequences modulo octave, i.e. chunks of an arithmetic sequence in a cyclic group. Hence the question of how many different arithmetic sequences in a cyclic group will give the same support set. We prove that this number is always a totient number and characterize the different possible cases. In particular, there exists scales with an arbitrarily large number of different generators, but none with 14 generators. Some connex results and extensions are also given, for instance on characterization via a Discrete F…
We give a criterion for a set of $n$ hyperbolic isometries of a $\mathrm{CAT}(0)$ metric space $X$ to generate a free group on $n$ generators. This extends a result by Alperin, Farb and Noskov who proved this for 2 generators under the additional assumption that $X$ is complete and has no fake zero angles. Moreover, when $X$ is locally compact, the group we obtain is also discrete.
We consider non-elementary representations of two generator free groups in $PSL(2,\mathbb{C})$, not necessarily discrete or free, $G = < A, B >$. A word in $A$ and $B$, $W(A,B)$, is a palindrome if it reads the same forwards and backwards. A word in a free group is {\sl primitive} if it is part of a minimal generating set. Primitive elements of the free group on two generators can be identified with the positive rational numbers. We study the geometry of palindromes and the action of $G$ in $\HH^3$ whether or not $G$ is discrete. We show that there is a {\sl core geodesic} $Ł$ in the convex hu…
Kazhdan's property (T) has been studied for several discrete group-like structures, including standard invariants of Jones' subfactors and discrete quantum groups. We prove a Zuk-type spectral gap criterion for property (T) in this setting. This allows us to construct a family of property (T) discrete quantum groups, as well as subfactor standard invariants, given by generators and a triangle presentation. These are the first examples of property (T) discrete quantum groups that are not directly related to a discrete group with property (T).
The entropy of the random walk on the discrete contable group could be used for comparison of the system of the generators. Fundamental inequality between growth, entropy and escape gives the possibility to define "the best" system of the generators. We formulate a new circle of the problems related to the various growth and asymptotics on the groups.
We determine explicit formulas for the bisectors used in constructing a Dirichlet fundamental domain in hyperbolic two and three space. They are compared with the isometric spheres employed in the construction of a Ford domain and used to find a finite set of generators for discrete groups of finite covolume. Applications are given to Fuchsian groups, Kleinian groups, including the Bianchi groups, and for the construction of a finite set of generators of the unit group of the integral group ring of a finite nilpotent group. An easy implementable algorithm, DAFC, is also given and used in the s…
