Let k be an integral domain containing the invertible elements α, s and \frac{1}{s-s^{-1}}. If M is an oriented 3-manifold, let K(M) denote the Kauffman skein module of M over k. Based on the work on Birman-Murakami-Wenzl algebra by Beliakova and Blanchet, we give an ``idempotent-like'' basis for the Kauffman skein module of handlebodies. Gilmer and Zhong have studied the Homflypt skein modules of a connected sum of two 3-manifolds, here we study the case for the Kauffman skein module and show that K(M_1 # M_2) is isomorphic to K(M_1) tensor K(M_2) over a certain localized ring, where M_1 # M_2 is the connected sum of two manifolds M_1 and M_2.
Skein modules are the main objects of an algebraic topology based on knots (or position). In the same spirit as Leibniz we would call our approach "algebra situs." When looking at the panorama of skein modules we see, past the rolling hills of homologies and homotopies, distant mountains - the Kauffman bracket skein module, and farther off in the distance skein modules based on other quantum invariants. We concentrate here on the basic properties of the Kauffman bracket skein module; properties fundamental in further development of the theory. In particular we consider the relative Kauffman br…
Carrega has shown that the Kauffman bracket skein module of the 3-torus over the field of rational functions in the variable A can be generated by 9 skein elements. We show this set of generators is linearly independent.
We use recoupling theory to study the Kauffman bracket skein module of the quaternionic manifold over Z[A,A^{-1}] localized by inverting all the cyclotomic polynomials. We prove that the skein module is spanned by five elements. Using the quantum invariants of these skein elements and the Z_2 homology of the manifold, we determine that they are linearly independent.
Let k be a subring of the field of rational functions in α, s which contains α^{1}, α^{-1}, s^{1}, s^{-1}, . Let M be a compact oriented 3-manifold, and let K(M) denote the Kauffman skein module of M over k. Then K(M) is the free k-module generated by isotopy classes of framed links in M modulo the Kauffman skein relations. In the case of k={Q}(α, s), the field of rational functions in α, s, we give a basis for the Kauffman skein module of the solid torus and a basis for the relative Kauffman skein module of the solid torus with two points on the boundary. We then show that K(S^{1} \times S^2)…
The Kauffman bracket skein module $S(M)$ of a 3-manifold $M$ is a $\mathbb{Q}(A)$-vector space spanned by links in $M$ modulo the so-called Kauffman relations. In this article, for any closed oriented surface $Σ$ we provide an explicit spanning family for the skein modules $S(Σ\times S^1)$. Combined with earlier work of Gilmer and Masbaum, we answer their question about the dimension of $S(Σ\times S^1)$ being $2^{2g+1} + 2g -1$.
For each closed, orientable surface F, we construct a local, diffeomorphism invariant trace on the Kauffman bracket skein module K_t(F x [0,1]). The trace is defined when |t| is neither 0 nor 1, and at certain roots of unity. At t = - 1, the trace is integration against the symplectic measure on the SU(2) character variety of the fundamental group of F.
We calculate the Kauffman bracket skein module (KBSM) of the complement of all two-bridge links. For a two-bridge link, we show that the KBSM of its complement is free over the ring $\BC[t^{\pm 1}]$ and when reducing $t=-1$, it is isomorphic to the ring of regular functions on the character variety of the link group.
This paper is focused on the structure of the Kauffman bracket skein algebra of a punctured surface at roots of unity. A criterion that determines when a collection of skeins forms a basis of the skein algebra as an extension over the $SL(2,{\mathbb C})$ characters of the fundamental group of the surface, with appropriate localization is given. This is used to prove that when the algebra is localized so that every nonzero element of the center has a multiplicative inverse, that it is a division algebra. Finally, it is proved that the localized skein algebra can be split over its center as a te…
This paper resolves the unicity conjecture of Bonahon and Wong for the Kauffman bracket skein algebras of all oriented finite type surfaces at all roots of unity. The proof is a consequence of a general unicity theorem that says that the irreducible representations of a prime affine $k$-algebra over an algebraically closed field $k$, that is finitely generated as a module over its center, are generically classified by their central characters. The center of the Kauffman bracket skein algebra of any orientable surface at any root of unity is characterized, and it is proved that the skein algebr…
Let $F$ be a finite type surface and $ζ$ a complex root of unity. The Kauffman bracket skein algebra $K_ζ(F)$ is an important object in both classical and quantum topology as it has relations to the character variety, the Teichmüller space, the Jones polynomial, and the Witten-Reshetikhin-Turaev Topological Quantum Field Theories. We compute the rank and trace of $K_ζ(F)$ over its center, and we extend a theorem of Frohman and Kania-Bartoszynska which says the skein algebra has a splitting coming from two pants decompositions of $F$.
We compute the Kauffman bracket skein module of the complement of a twist knot, finding that it is free and infinite dimensional. The basis consists of cables of a two-component link, one component of which is a meridian of the knot. The cabling of the meridian can be arbitrarily large while the cabling of the other component is limited to the number of twists.
Following the recent work by Chan, and by Morton and Hadji on the Homflypt polynomials of some generalized Hopf links, we investigate the Kauffman polynomials of generalized Hopf links. By studying the Kauffman skein module of the solid torus S^1\times D^2, we establish a similar skein map on the Kauffman skein module of S^1\times D^2 which has distinct eigenvalues. Furthermore we are able to calculate the Kauffman polynomials of some specific generalized Hopf links.
We give an explicit formula for the action of the Dehn twist along a simple closed curve in a compact connected oriented surface on the completion of the filtered skein modules. To do this, we introduce filtrations of the Kauffman bracket skein algebra and the Kauffman bracket skein modules on the surface.
We determine the action of the Kauffman bracket skein algebra of the torus on the Kauffman bracket skein module of the complement of the 3-twist knot. The point is to study the relationship between knot complements and their boundary tori, an idea that has proved very fruitful in knot theory. We place this idea in the context of Chern-Simons theory, where such actions arose in connection with the computation of the noncommutative version of the A-polynomial that was defined by Frohman, Gelca and Lofaro, but they can also be interpreted as quantum mechanical systems. Our goal is to exhibit a de…
We study the structure of the Kauffman algebra of a surface with parameter equal to sqrt(-1). We obtain an interpretation of this algebra as an algebra of parallel transport operators acting on sections of a line bundle over the moduli space of flat connections in a trivial SU(2)-bundle over the surface. We analyse the asymptotics of traces of curve-operators in TQFT in non standard regimes where the root of unity parametrizing the TQFT accumulates to a root of unity. We interpret the case of sqrt(-1) in terms of parallel transport operators.
This paper resolves the problem of comparing the skein modules defined using the skein relations discovered by R. Kirby and P. Melvin that underlie the Reshetikhin-Turaev model for $SU(2)$ Chern-Simons theory to the Kauffman bracket skein modules. Several applications and examples are presented.
We show that the Kauffman bracket skein modules of certain manifolds obtained from integral surgery on a (2,2b) torus link are finitely generated, and list the generators for select examples.
In this paper we study the skein algebras of marked surfaces and the skein modules of marked 3-manifolds. Muller showed that skein algebras of totally marked surfaces may be embedded in easy to study algebras known as quantum tori. We first extend Muller's result to permit marked surfaces with unmarked boundary components. The addition of unmarked components allows us to develop a surgery theory which enables us to extend the Chebyshev homomorphism of Bonahon and Wong between skein algebras of unmarked surfaces to a "Chebyshev-Frobenius homomorphism" between skein modules of marked 3-manifolds…
We prove that the Kauffman bracket skein algebra of a cylinder over a surface with boundary, defined over complex numbers, is isomorphic to the observables of an appropriate lattice gauge field theory.
We reprove and expand results of Bonahon and Wong on central elements of the Kauffman bracket skein modules at root of 1 and on the existence of the Chebyshev homomorphism, using elementary skein methods.
We introduce an embedding of the Torelli group of a compact connected oriented surface with non-empty connected boundary into the completed Kauffman bracket skein algebra of the surface, which gives a new construction of the first Johnson homomorphism.
In this paper we disprove a twenty-two year old theorem about the structure of the Kauffman bracket skein module of the connected sum of two handlebodies. We achieve this by analysing handle slidings on compressing discs in a handlebody. We find more relations than previously predicted for the Kauffman bracket skein module of the connected sum of handlebodies, when one of them is not a solid torus. Additionally, we speculate on the structure of the Kauffman bracket skein module of the connected sum of two solid tori.
In this paper we give an alternative basis, $\mathcal{B}_{\rm ST}$, for the Kauffman bracket skein module of the solid torus, ${\rm KBSM}\left({\rm ST}\right)$. The basis $\mathcal{B}_{\rm ST}$ is obtained with the use of the Tempereley--Lieb algebra of type B and it is appropriate for computing the Kauffman bracket skein module of the lens spaces $L(p, q)$ via braids.
We show that the Kauffman bracket skein module of a cylinder over the torus embeds as a subalgebra of the noncommutative torus. Using this we derive nice formulas for the Jones-Wenzl idempotents and analyze the structure of the Kauffman bracket skein module of the unknot as a module over the Kauffman bracket skein module of a cylinder over the torus.
We study spanning sets for the Kauffman bracket skein module $\mathcal{S}(M,\mathbb{Q}(A))$ of orientable Seifert fibered spaces with orientable base and non-empty boundary. As a consequence, we show that the KBSM of such manifolds is a finitely generated $\mathcal{S}(\partial M, \mathbb{Q}(A))$-module.
For A a primitive 2N-root of unity with N odd, the Witten-Reshetikhin-Turaev topological quantum field theory provides a representation of the Kauffman skein algebra of a closed surface. We show that this representation is irreducible and we compute its classical shadow, in the sense of earlier work of the authors (arXiv:1206.1638).
Using the colored Kauffman skein relation, we study the highest and lowest $4n$ coefficients of the $n^{th}$ unreduced colored Jones polynomial of alternating links. This gives a natural extension of a result by Kauffman in regard with the Jones polynomial of alternating links and its highest and lowest coefficients. We also use our techniques to give a new and natural proof for the existence of the tail of the colored Jones polynomial for alternating links.
By introducing a finer version of the Kauffman bracket skein algebra, we show how to decompose the Kauffman bracket skein algebra of a surface into elementary blocks corresponding to the triangles in an ideal triangulation of the surface. The new skein algebra of an ideal triangle has a simple presentation. This gives an easy proof of the existence of the quantum trace map of Bonahon and Wong. We also explain the relation between our skein algebra and the one defined by Muller, and use it to show that the quantum trace map can be extended to the Muller skein algebra.
We give an explicit basis $\mathcal{B}$ of the quotient of the Kauffman bracket skein algebra $\mathcal{S} (Σ)$ on a surface $Σ$ by the square of an augmentation ideal. As an application, it induces two kinds of finite type invariants of links in a handle body in the sense of Le. Moreover, we construct an embedding of the mapping class group of a compact connected surface of genus $0$ into the Kauffman bracket skein algebra on the surface completed with respect to a filtration coming from the augmentation ideal.
These lecture notes concern the algebraic geometry of the character variety of a finitely generated group in SL(2,C) from the point of view of skein modules. We focus on the case of surface and 3-manifolds groups and construct the Reidemeister torsion as a rational volume form on the character variety.
Based on the presentation of the Kauffman bracket skein module of the torus given by the third author in previous work, Charles D. Frohman and Răzvan Gelca established a complete description of the multiplicative operation leading to a famous product-to-sum formula. In this paper, we study the multiplicative structure of the Kauffman bracket skein algebra of the thickened four-holed sphere. We present an algorithm to compute the product of any two elements of the algebra, and give an explicit formula for some families of curves. We surmise that the algorithm has quasi-polynomial growth with re…
We investigate aspects of Kauffman bracket skein algebras of surfaces and modules of 3-manifolds using quantum torus methods. These methods come in two flavors: embedding the skein algebra into a quantum torus related to quantum Teichmuller space, or filtering the algebra and obtaining an associated graded algebra that is a monomial subalgebra of a quantum torus. We utilize the former method to generalize the Chebyshev homomorphism of Bonahon and Wong between skein algebras of surfaces to a Chebyshev-Frobenius homomorphism between skein modules of marked 3-manifolds, in the course of which we …
Diagrams and Reidemeister moves for links in a twisted S^1-bundle over an unorientable surface are introduced. Using these diagrams, we compute the Kauffman Bracket Skein Module (KBSM) of the connected sum of two projective spaces. In particular, we show that it has torsion. We also present a new computation of the KBSM of S^1 x S^2 and the lens spaces L(p,1).
We show that for the Kauffman bracket skein module over the field of rational functions in variable A, the module of a connected sum of 3-manifolds is the tensor product of modules of the individual manifolds.
For a 3-manifold $M$ with boundary, we study the Kauffman module with indeterminate equal to $-1+ε$ where $ε^2=0$. We conjecture an explicit relation between this module and the Reidemeister torsion of $M$ which we prove in particular cases. As a maybe useful tool, we then introduce a notion of twisted self-linking and prove that it satisfies the Kauffman relations at first order. These questions come from considerations on asymptotics of quantum invariants.
Khovanov defined graded homology groups for links L in R^3 and showed that their polynomial Euler characteristic is the Jones polynomial of L. Khovanov's construction does not extend in a straightforward way to links in I-bundles M over surfaces F not D^2 (except for the homology with Z/2 coefficients only). Hence, the goal of this paper is to provide a nontrivial generalization of his method leading to homology invariants of links in M with arbitrary rings of coefficients. After proving the invariance of our homology groups under Reidemeister moves, we show that the polynomial Euler character…
In this paper we introduce the notion of admissible skein modules associated to an ideal in a pivotal category. We explain how these modules are generalizations of the Kauffman skein algebra and how they relate to renormalized quantum invariants coming from non-semisimple categories.
In this paper we compute the Kauffman bracket skein module of the complement of $(2, 2p+1)$-torus knots, $KBSM(T_{(2, 2p+1)}^c)$, via braids. We start by considering geometric mixed braids in $S^3$, the closure of which are mixed links in $S^3$ that represent links in the complement of $(2, 2p+1)$-torus knots, $T_{(2, 2p+1)}^c$. Using the technique of parting and combing, we obtain algebraic mixed braids, that is, mixed braids that belong to the mixed braid group $B_{2, n}$ and that are followed by their ``coset'' part, that represents $T_{(2, 2p+1)}^c$. In that way we show that links in $T_{(…
We compute the Kauffman skein module of the complement of torus knots in S^3. Precisely, we show that these modules are isomorphic to the algebra of Sl(2,C)-characters tensored with the ring of Laurent polynomials.
This is the third article in the series begun with [BonWon3, BonWon4], devoted to finite-dimensional representations of the Kauffman bracket skein algebra of an oriented surface $S$. In [BonWon3] we associated a classical shadow to an irreducible representation $ρ$ of the skein algebra, which is a character $r_ρ\in \mathcal R_{\mathrm{SL}_2(\mathbb C)}(S)$ represented by a group homomorphism $π_1(S) \to \mathrm{SL}_2(\mathbb C)$. The main result of the current article is that, when the surface $S$ is closed, every character $r\in \mathcal R_{\mathrm{SL}_2(\mathbb C)}(S)$ occurs as the classica…
We construct an invariant $z (M) =1+a_1(A^4-1)+ a_2(A^4-1)^2+a_3(A^4-1)^3 + \cdots \in \mathbb{Q} [[A^4-1]]= \mathbb{Q} [[A+1]]$ for an integral homology $3$-sphere $M$ using a completed skein algebra and a Heegaard splitting. The invariant $z(M)\mathrm{mod} ((A+1)^{n+1}) $ is a finite type invariant of order $n$. In particular, $-a_1/6$ equals the Casson invariant. If $M$ is the Poincaré homology 3-sphere, $(z(M))_{|A^4 =q} \mod (q+1)^{14} $ is the Ohtsuki series for $M$.
A Kauffman bracket on a surface is an invariant for framed links in the thickened surface, satisfying the Kauffman skein relation and multiplicative under superposition. This includes representations of the skein algebra of the surface. We show how an irreducible representation of the skein algebra usually specifies a point of the character variety of homomorphisms from the fundamental group of the surface to PSL_2(C), as well as certain weights associated to the punctures of the surface. Conversely, we sketch a proof of the fact that each point of the character variety, endowed with appropria…
Khovanov homology, an invariant of links in $\mathbb{R}^3$, is a graded homology theory that categorifies the Jones polynomial in the sense that the graded Euler characteristic of the homology is the Jones polynomial. Asaeda, Przytycki and Sikora generalized this construction by defining a double graded homology theory that categorifies the Kauffman bracket skein module of links in $I$-bundles over surfaces, except for the surface $\mathbb{R}P^2$, where the construction fails due to strange behaviour of links when projected to the non-orientable surface $\mathbb{R}P^2$. This paper categorifies…
