开放获取垄断电缆平台与直接存取竞争性国际通信卫星设施的对比研究
Open Access to Monopoly Cable Platforms Versus Direct Access To Competitive International Telecommunications Satellite Facilities: A Study In Contrasts
摘要：
1999年，联邦通信委员会授权直接存取国际通信卫星组织，允许国际通信卫星组织的美国客户和竞争者绕过国际通信卫星组织的美国零售分公司（通信卫星组织），直接从国际通信卫星组织以批发价格取得卫星容量。这一政策在许多方面是仿照1996年《电信法》中适用于国内现有本地交换运营商（ILEC）的接入和分拆要求制定的。与此同时，现有的国内有线电视系统运营商没有被要求向寻求通过现有专有有线设施提供住宅宽带互联网服务的竞争性互联网服务提供商（ISP）提供批发开放获取。然而，赞成开放获取现有国内电缆系统的政策论据似乎比赞成直接存取国际通信卫星组织的论据更有力。例如，正如一些有线电视开放获取的倡导者所断言的那样，根深蒂固的有线电视系统运营商现在是否能够不公平地利用其在多频道视频节目分销（MVPD）市场的主导地位来阻碍宽带ISP市场的竞争，这可能是一个相当有争议的问题。与此相反，很明显，通信卫星组织在1999年没有涉及类似的搭售问题，当时它在国际电信市场上的地位基本上是不占主导地位的，而且无论如何，它没有新的产品与其既定的产品挂钩。同样，虽然电缆厂是否是为许多住宅用户提供宽带互联网的一个瓶颈设施可能会引起争论，但国际通信卫星组织在1999年实际上没有控制任何这种瓶颈设施，这是无可挑剔的。
英文摘要：
In 1999, the FCC authorized direct access to INTELSAT, allowing INTELSAT's U.S. customers and competitors to bypass INTELSAT's U.S. retail affiliate (COMSAT), and to take satellite capacity at wholesale prices directly from INTELSAT. This policy was modeled in many respects on the access and unbundling requirements applicable to domestic incumbent local exchange carriers (ILECs) under the Telecommunications Act of 1996. At the same time, incumbent domestic cable TV system operators have not been required to provide wholesale open access to competitive Internet Service Providers (ISPs) seeking to provide residential broadband Internet service through existing proprietary cable facilities. Yet the policy arguments favoring open access to incumbent domestic cable systems appear to be stronger than those favoring direct access to INTELSAT. For example, it may be fairly debated whether entrenched cable system operators are now positioned to unfairly leverage their dominance in the multichannel video programming distribution (MVPD) market to thwart competition in the broadband ISP market, as some cable open access advocates assert. In contrast, it is clear that no analogous issues of tying were implicated by INTELSAT in 1999, when its position in the international telecommunications market was substantially nondominant and, in any event, it had no new product to tie to its established offerings. Similarly, while it may be debated whether or not a cable plant is a bottleneck facility that gatekeeps broadband Internet for many residential users, it is beyond cavil that INTELSAT in 1999 controlled virtually no such bottleneck facilities.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
