Radar perception models are trained with different inputs, from range-Doppler spectra to sparse point clouds. Dense spectra are assumed to outperform sparse point clouds, yet they can vary considerably across sensors and configurations, which hinders transfer. In this paper, we provide alternatives for incorporating spectral information into radar point clouds and show that, point clouds need not underperform compared to spectra. We introduce the spectral point cloud paradigm, where point clouds are treated as sparse, compressed representations of the radar spectra, and argue that, when enriched with spectral information, they serve as strong candidates for a unified input representation that is more robust against sensor-specific differences. We develop an experimental framework that compares spectral point cloud (PC) models at varying densities against a dense range-Doppler (RD) benchmark, and report the density levels where the PC configurations meet the performance of the RD benchmark. Furthermore, we experiment with two basic spectral enrichment approaches, that inject additional target-relevant information into the point clouds. Contrary to the common belief that the dense RD approach is superior, we show that point clouds can do just as well, and can surpass the RD benchmark when enrichment is applied. Spectral point clouds can therefore serve as strong candidates for unified radar perception, paving the way for future radar foundation models.
A Lightweight Model-Driven 4D Radar Framework for Pervasive Human Detection in Harsh Conditions
Mechanical \& Mechatronics Engineering University of Waterloo Waterloo, Canada；Electrical \& Computer Engineering University of Waterloo Waterloo, Canada
Revisiting Birds Eye View Perception Models with Frozen Foundation Models: DINOv2 and Metric3Dv2
University of Limerick（利默里克大学）；SFI CRT Foundations in Data Science（爱尔兰科学基金会数据科学基础合作研究中心）；Data Driven Computer Engineering (D²iCE) Research Centre（数据驱动计算机工程研究中心）；Valeo Vision Systems（法雷奥视觉系统公司）
Autonomous perception requires high-quality environment sensing in the form of 3D bounding boxes of dynamic objects. The primary sensors used in automotive systems are light-based cameras and LiDARs. However, they are known to fail in adverse weather conditions. Radars can potentially solve this problem as they are barely affected by adverse weather conditions. However, specular reflections of wireless signals cause poor performance of radar point clouds. We introduce Pointillism, a system that combines data from multiple spatially separated radars with an optimal separation to mitigate these …
Fine-grained person perception such as body segmentation and pose estimation has been achieved with many 2D and 3D sensors such as RGB/depth cameras, radars (e.g., RF-Pose) and LiDARs. These sensors capture 2D pixels or 3D point clouds of person bodies with high spatial resolution, such that the existing Convolutional Neural Networks can be directly applied for perception. In this paper, we take one step forward to show that fine-grained person perception is possible even with 1D sensors: WiFi antennas. To our knowledge, this is the first work to perceive persons with pervasive WiFi devices, w…
Registering the 4D Millimeter Wave Radar Point Clouds Via Generalized Method of Moments
School of Automation and Intelligent Sensing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学自动化与智能感知学院）；Institute of Medical Robotics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学医疗机器人研究院）；Department of Statistics, Uppsala University（乌普萨拉大学统计系）
Uber Advanced Technologies Group（Uber先进技术集团）；University of Waterloo（滑铁卢大学）
We tackle the problem of exploiting Radar for perception in the context of self-driving as Radar provides complementary information to other sensors such as LiDAR or cameras in the form of Doppler velocity. The main challenges of using Radar are the noise and measurement ambiguities which have been a struggle for existing simple input or output fusion methods. To better address this, we propose a new solution that exploits both LiDAR and Radar sensors for perception. Our approach, dubbed RadarNet, features a voxel-based early fusion and an attention-based late fusion, which learn from data to …
V2X-Radar: A Multi-modal Dataset with 4D Radar for Cooperative Perception
School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University（车辆与移动性学院，清华大学）；Nanyang Technological University（南洋理工大学）；CUMTB（中国交通车辆技术研究所）；University of California, Los Angeles（加州大学洛杉矶分校）；Beijing Jiaotong University（北京交通大学）；ByteDance（字节跳动）
Zhejiang University（浙江大学）；Key Laboratory of Collaborative Sensing and Autonomous Unmanned Systems of Zhejiang Province（浙江省协同感知与自主无人系统重点实验室）
Gait recognition is widely used in diversified practical applications. Currently, the most prevalent approach is to recognize human gait from RGB images, owing to the progress of computer vision technologies. Nevertheless, the perception capability of RGB cameras deteriorates in rough circumstances, and visual surveillance may cause privacy invasion. Due to the robustness and non-invasive feature of millimeter wave (mmWave) radar, radar-based gait recognition has attracted increasing attention in recent years. In this research, we propose a Hierarchical Dynamic Network (HDNet) for gait recogni…
Brandeis University（布兰迪斯大学）；Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories（三菱电机研究实验室）
We consider the object recognition problem in autonomous driving using automotive radar sensors. Comparing to Lidar sensors, radar is cost-effective and robust in all-weather conditions for perception in autonomous driving. However, radar signals suffer from low angular resolution and precision in recognizing surrounding objects. To enhance the capacity of automotive radar, in this work, we exploit the temporal information from successive ego-centric bird-eye-view radar image frames for radar object recognition. We leverage the consistency of an object's existence and attributes (size, orienta…
RCBEVDet++: Toward High-accuracy Radar-Camera Fusion 3D Perception Network
Wangxuan Institute of Computer Technology, Peking University（北京大学王选计算机研究所）；School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China（电子科技大学信息与通信工程学院）
ZFusion: An Effective Fuser of Camera and 4D Radar for 3D Object Perception in Autonomous Driving
School of Data Science, Fudan University（复旦大学数据科学学院）；ZF (China) Investment Co., Ltd.（采埃孚（中国）投资有限公司）；Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院自动化研究所）
Due to the trending need of building autonomous robotic perception system, sensor fusion has attracted a lot of attention amongst researchers and engineers to make best use of cross-modality information. However, in order to build a robotic platform at scale we need to emphasize on autonomous robot platform bring-up cost as well. Cameras and radars, which inherently includes complementary perception information, has potential for developing autonomous robotic platform at scale. However, there is a limited work around radar fused with Vision, compared to LiDAR fused with vision work. In this pa…
RC-GeoCP: Geometric Consensus for 4D Radar-Camera Collaborative Perception
College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University（浙江大学信息科学与电子工程学院）；School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University（同济大学汽车学院）；Thrust of Artificial Intelligence, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology（香港科技大学人工智能研究所）
TriDP-PTM: a three-stage distortion-perception tradeoff guides the pre-training model for radar cardiac sensing
National Institute of Health Data Science, Peking University（北京大学国家健康数据科学研究院）；Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University（北京大学医学技术研究院）；Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications（北京邮电大学）；School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications（北京邮电大学人工智能学院）；Wangxuan Institute of Computer Technology, Peking University（北京大学王轩计算机技术研究所）；State Key Laboratory of General Artificial Intelligence, Peking University（北京大学通用人工智能国家重点实验室）
University of Maryland（马里兰大学）；University of California, Berkeley（加州大学伯克利分校）；York University（约克大学）
Despite the recent successes in robotics, artificial intelligence and computer vision, a complete artificial agent necessarily must include active perception. A multitude of ideas and methods for how to accomplish this have already appeared in the past, their broader utility perhaps impeded by insufficient computational power or costly hardware. The history of these ideas, perhaps selective due to our perspectives, is presented with the goal of organizing the past literature and highlighting the seminal contributions. We argue that those contributions are as relevant today as they were decades…
Doracamom: Joint 3D Detection and Occupancy Prediction with Multi-view 4D Radars and Cameras for Omnidirectional Perception
School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University（同济大学汽车学院）；Momoni AI；Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology（香港科技大学计算机科学与工程系）；Chair of Automotive Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin（柏林技术大学汽车工程学系）；College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University（浙江大学信息科学与电子工程学院）；School of Information and Electrical Engineering, Hangzhou City University（杭州城市学院信息与电气工程学院）
Model pre-training is a cornerstone of modern visual recognition systems. Although fully supervised pre-training on datasets like ImageNet is still the de-facto standard, recent studies suggest that large-scale weakly supervised pre-training can outperform fully supervised approaches. This paper revisits weakly-supervised pre-training of models using hashtag supervision with modern versions of residual networks and the largest-ever dataset of images and corresponding hashtags. We study the performance of the resulting models in various transfer-learning settings including zero-shot transfer. W…
Radar and Camera Fusion for Object Detection and Tracking: A Comprehensive Survey
School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University（南洋理工大学计算机科学与工程学院）；State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Zhejiang University（浙江大学工业控制技术国家重点实验室）；Hangzhou Dianzi University（杭州电子科技大学）；Pillar of Information Systems Technology and Design, Singapore University of Technology and Design（新加坡科技设计大学信息系统技术与设计 pillar）
Universitat Oberta de Catalunya（加泰罗尼亚开放大学）；Computer Vision Center（计算机视觉中心）；Universitat de Barcelona（巴塞罗那大学）
This work revisits the ChaLearn First Impressions database, annotated for personality perception using pairwise comparisons via crowdsourcing. We analyse for the first time the original pairwise annotations, and reveal existing person perception biases associated to perceived attributes like gender, ethnicity, age and face attractiveness. We show how person perception bias can influence data labelling of a subjective task, which has received little attention from the computer vision and machine learning communities by now. We further show that the mechanism used to convert pairwise annotations…
RETR: Multi-View Radar Detection Transformer for Indoor Perception
Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories (MERL)（三菱电机研究实验室（MERL））；University of Bologna（博洛尼亚大学）；Information Technology R&D Center (ITC), Mitsubishi Electric Corporation（三菱电机公司信息技术研发中心（ITC））
Institute of Mathematical and Computer Sciences (ICMC)（数学与计算机科学学院（ICMC））
One of the main paths towards the reduction of traffic accidents is the increase in vehicle safety through driver assistance systems or even systems with a complete level of autonomy. In these types of systems, tasks such as obstacle detection and segmentation, especially the Deep Learning-based ones, play a fundamental role in scene understanding for correct and safe navigation. Besides that, the wide variety of sensors in vehicles nowadays provides a rich set of alternatives for improvement in the robustness of perception in challenging situations, such as navigation under lighting and weath…
In modern on-driving computing environments, many sensors are used for context-aware applications. This paper utilizes two deep learning models, U-Net and EfficientNet, which consist of a convolutional neural network (CNN), to detect hand gestures and remove noise in the Range Doppler Map image that was measured through a millimeter-wave (mmWave) radar. To improve the performance of classification, accurate pre-processing algorithms are essential. Therefore, a novel pre-processing approach to denoise images before entering the first deep learning model stage increases the accuracy of classific…
Institute of Sensors, Signals and Systems, Heriot-Watt University（赫瑞-瓦特大学传感器、信号与系统研究所）
Datasets for autonomous cars are essential for the development and benchmarking of perception systems. However, most existing datasets are captured with camera and LiDAR sensors in good weather conditions. In this paper, we present the RAdar Dataset In Adverse weaThEr (RADIATE), aiming to facilitate research on object detection, tracking and scene understanding using radar sensing for safe autonomous driving. RADIATE includes 3 hours of annotated radar images with more than 200K labelled road actors in total, on average about 4.6 instances per radar image. It covers 8 different categories of a…
The perception system in autonomous vehicles is responsible for detecting and tracking the surrounding objects. This is usually done by taking advantage of several sensing modalities to increase robustness and accuracy, which makes sensor fusion a crucial part of the perception system. In this paper, we focus on the problem of radar and camera sensor fusion and propose a middle-fusion approach to exploit both radar and camera data for 3D object detection. Our approach, called CenterFusion, first uses a center point detection network to detect objects by identifying their center points on the i…
RadarXFormer: Robust Object Detection via Cross-Dimension Fusion of 4D Radar Spectra and Images for Autonomous Driving
Global Institute of Future Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学未来技术全球研究院）；School of Automation and Intelligent Sensing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学自动化与智能感知学院）；Key Laboratory of System Control and Information Processing, Ministry of Education of China（中国教育部系统控制与信息处理重点实验室）；SAIC GM Wuling Automobile Company Co., Ltd.（上汽通用五菱汽车有限公司）；Guangxi Laboratory of New Energy Automobile（广西新能源汽车实验室）
