升级冶金级硅（UMG）的生产用于低成本、高性能和可靠的光伏技术
Production of Upgraded Metallurgical Grade (UMG) silicon for a low-cost high-efficiency and reliable PV technology
AI总结：
本文探讨了UMG硅在光伏技术中的应用，展示了其作为多晶硅替代品的潜力，通过优化工艺步骤和缺陷工程技术，实现了高效率的太阳能电池制造，并评估了其环境影响。
摘要：
UMG-Si有潜力降低光伏技术成本并改善其环境影响。本文总结了UMG技术在光伏研发中的大量工作，展示了UMG-Si作为多晶硅替代品生产高效率多晶太阳能电池和模块的可行性。针对Ferrosolar完整的UMG-Si制造价值链，优化了加工步骤，从净化阶段开始，由于存在磷和硼，导致材料中等补偿。在结晶阶段添加镓作为掺杂剂，以获得沿锭体高度均匀的电阻率分布1欧姆·厘米。基于磷扩散获取的缺陷工程技术已优化，以提高UMG-Si晶片的批量电子质量。黑色硅纹理技术已成功实施，与后续获取和表面钝化兼容。已制造出工业型BSF和PERC太阳能电池，其效率范围与传统多晶硅基底相当。TOPCon太阳能电池处理关键步骤也已测试，以进一步评估该材料在PERC以外的先进器件结构中的潜力。已显示，当实施再生步骤时，UMG PERC太阳能电池的光暴露和操作温度退化机制不显著，具有数年户外运行的光伏模块表现出与多晶硅基参考模块相似的性能。已进行生命周期评估，评估UMG基光伏技术与多晶硅基技术的环境影响，考虑了制造地点和光伏安装的不同场景。
英文摘要：
UMG-Si has the potential to reduce the cost of PV technology and to improve its environmental profile. In this contribution, we summarize the extensive work made in the research and development of UMG technology for PV, which has led to the demonstration of UMG-Si as a competitive alternative to polysilicon for the production of high-efficiency multicrystalline solar cells and modules. The tailoring of the processing steps along the complete Ferrosolar's UMG-Si manufacturing value chain has been addressed, commencing with the purification stage that results in a moderately compensated material due to the presence of phosphorous and boron. Gallium is added as a dopant at the crystallization stage to obtain a uniform resistivity profile 1 Ohm*cm along the ingot height. Defect engineering techniques based on phosphorus diffusion gettering have been optimized to improve the bulk electronic quality of UMG-Si wafers. Black silicon texturing, compatible with subsequent gettering and surface passivation, has been successfully implemented. Industrial-type BSF and PERC solar cells have been fabricated, achieving cell efficiencies in the range of those obtained with conventional polysilicon substrates. TOPCon solar cell processing key steps have also been tested to further evaluate the potential of the material in advanced device architectures beyond PERC. Degradation mechanisms related to light exposure and operation temperature have been shown not to be significant in UMG PERC solar cells when a regeneration step is implemented, and PV modules with several years of outdoor operation have demonstrated similar performance to reference ones based on poly-Si. LCA has been carried out to evaluate the environmental impact of UMG-based PV technology when compared to the poly-Si-based one, considering different scenarios both for the manufacturing sites and the PV installations.
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