到达年龄对移民与本地出生性别规范契合度的影响：一种分布方法
The Effect of Age at Arrival on the Alignment Between Immigrant and Native-Born Gender Norms: A Distributional Approach
AI总结：
本文研究到达年龄如何影响文化融合，通过比较移民与英国出生人口在性别角色态度上的趋同情况。采用兄弟设计与分布框架测量态度趋同，发现若所有移民出生时抵达，文化距离将显著缩小，而迁移年龄的微小增加会逐步扩大这一差距。
摘要：
本文探讨到达年龄如何影响文化融合，通过比较移民与英国出生人口在性别角色态度上的趋同情况。尽管文化价值观在整合和社会凝聚力的政策讨论中至关重要，但大多数关于迁移时间的研究集中在经济结果上，对价值观和信仰的影响研究较少。我们通过结合兄弟设计与分布框架来填补这一空白。使用英国家庭纵向研究，我们比较了同一家庭中不同到达年龄的兄弟，利用家庭内部变异来识别童年接触东道国规范的因果效应。为了测量趋同，我们比较移民和本地人对性别规范问题的有序调查回答的完整分布。我们的距离度量是响应分布之间的总变差（TV）距离。TV有明确的政策相关解释：它等于所有有界评分规则下的均值响应最坏情况差异。然后我们利用估计结果构建两个衡量迁移时间如何改变此距离的指标。第一个询问如果所有移民出生时抵达，移民与本地人的TV距离会有多大，与观察到的距离进行比较。第二个是一个边际指标，询问在小的均匀年龄偏移下距离如何变化。我们的结果表明，如果所有移民出生时抵达，移民与本地人的文化距离将显著缩小，而迁移年龄的微小增加会逐步扩大这一差距。总体而言，发现强调了早期生活暴露在塑造文化信念中的重要性，并提供了一个稳健且广泛适用的框架，用于量化调查回答的趋同情况。
英文摘要：
This paper examines how age at migration affects cultural assimilation by studying convergence in gender role attitudes between immigrants and the UK-born population. Although cultural values are central to policy debates about integration and social cohesion, most work on migration timing focuses on economic outcomes, leaving effects on values and beliefs far less explored. We address this gap by combining a sibling design with a distributional framework for measuring attitude convergence. Using the UK Household Longitudinal Study, we compare siblings within the same family who arrived in the UK at different ages, exploiting within-family variation to identify the causal effect of childhood exposure to host-country norms. To measure convergence, we compare the full distributions of ordinal survey responses to questions on gender norms for immigrants and locals. Our distance metric is the Total Variation (TV) distance between response distributions. TV has a clear policy-relevant interpretation: it equals the worst-case difference in mean responses over all bounded scoring rules. We then use our estimates to construct two measures of how migration timing changes this distance. The first asks how large the immigrant-UK-born TV distance would be if every immigrant had arrived at birth, and compares it to the observed distance. The second is a marginal measure that asks how the distance changes under a small uniform shift in arrival ages. Our results show that if all immigrants had arrived at birth, the cultural distance between immigrants and locals would decrease substantially, and that marginal increases in migration age incrementally widen this gap. Overall, the findings highlight the importance of early-life exposure in shaping cultural beliefs and provide a robust, broadly applicable framework for quantifying convergence in survey responses.
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