Jet quenching and its substructure dependence due to color decoherence
Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Ion-beam Application (MOE), Institute of Modern Physics, Fudan University（复旦大学现代物理研究所核物理与离子束应用教育部重点实验室）；Shanghai Research Center for Theoretical Nuclear Physics, NSFC and Fudan University（国家自然科学基金委员会与复旦大学理论核物理联合研究中心）；Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías IGFAE, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela（圣地亚哥-德孔波斯特拉大学加利西亚高能物理研究所）；Axencia Galega de Innovación (GAIN), Xunta de Galicia（加利西亚自治区创新署）
Xiang-Pan Duan, Lin Chen, Guo-Liang Ma, Carlos A. Salgado, Bin Wu
受QCD介质中的颜色相干与退相干效应启发，我们提出一个理论框架，结合真空发射与介质诱导辐射研究喷流淬火及其对喷流锥形大小和子结构的依赖性。在我们的方法中，由硬尺度Q产生的喷流首先经历真空样演化，由双重对数近似中的生成函数方法描述。这些真空样发射在红外动量尺度Q_0生成子喷流。每个子喷流随后经历介质诱导能量损失，由BDMPS-Z形式化描述。通过将QCD bulk介质建模为OSU（2+1）维黏性流体动力学，并将Q_0与初始 proper time 的喷流淬火参数作为自由参数，我们的方法对大半径喷流的包络喷流修改因子R_AA及其在0-10%PbPb碰撞中对喷流子结构的依赖性提供了很好的描述，该数据由ATLAS实验测量。
英文摘要：
Motivated by color coherence and decoherence effects in the QCD medium, we propose a theoretical framework that combines vacuum-like emissions and medium-induced radiation to study jet quenching and its dependence on jet cone sizes and substructure. In our approach, a jet produced at a hard scale $Q$ first undergoes vacuum-like evolution, as described by the well-established generating-function method in the double logarithmic approximation. These vacuum-like emissions generate subjets at an infrared momentum scale $Q_0$. Each subjet then experiences medium-induced energy loss as described by the BDMPS-Z formalism. By modeling the QCD bulk medium using OSU (2+1)-dimensional viscous hydrodynamics and treating $Q_0$ together with the jet-quenching parameters at the initial proper time of the hydrodynamic evolution as free parameters, our approach provides a very good description of the inclusive jet modification factor $R_{AA}$ for large-radius jets and its dependence on jet substructure in 0-10% PbPb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 5.02~\rm{TeV}$, as measured by the ATLAS experiment.
The mass of heavy quarks, such as charm and bottom, plays an important role in the formation of parton showers. This effect is apparently not well understood when parton showers evolve in a strongly interacting quark-gluon plasma. We propose a new experimental measurement in relativistic heavy ion collisions, based on a two-prong subjet structure inside a reconstructed heavy flavor jet, which can place stringent constraints on the mass dependence of in-medium splitting functions. We identify the region of jet transverse momenta where parton mass effects are leading and predict a unique reversa…
Jets produced by the initial hard scattering in heavy ion collision events lose energy due to interactions with the color-deconfined medium formed around them: the quark-gluon plasma (QGP). Jet-medium interactions constitute an important theoretical and experimental field for studies of QGP, and various models with different assumptions have been proposed to describe them. A fair and direct comparison of these models requires that all other aspects of the simulation be fixed, which is achieved in this work by relying on the JETSCAPE framework. We employ JETSCAPE to directly and comprehensively…
In these proceedings, we discuss the role of heavy quark mass on the formation of parton showers. Mass effects are not well understood when parton branching occurs in nuclear matter, such as the quark-gluon plasma. Recently, a theoretically consistent picture of open heavy flavor production in ultra relativistic nuclear collisions has begun to emerge based on effective theories of QCD, such as soft collinear effective theory with Glauber gluons. We show that implementation of in-medium splitting processes containing heavy quarks into next-to-leading order calculations of heavy flavor productio…
In the first talk I discuss the usefulness of jet grooming for testing jet quenching mechanisms, and I present a calculation of soft-drop jet mass distribution in proton-proton and heavy ion collisions. In the second talk I discuss the comprehensive studies of quark and gluon jet substructure as a way to search for qualitatively new jet modification signatures. I emphasize the importance of precise understanding of jet substructure as well as powerful analysis tools in future heavy ion jet physics studies, with direct applications to hard probes using heavy flavors and hadronically-decaying el…
The modification of jet substructure in relativistic heavy-ion collisions is studied using JETSCAPE, a publicly available software package containing a framework for Monte Carlo event generators. Multi-stage jet evolution in JETSCAPE provides an integrated description of jet quenching by combining multiple models, with each becoming active at a different stage of the parton shower evolution. Jet substructure modification due to different aspects of jet quenching is studied using jet shape and jet fragmentation observables. Various combinations of jet energy loss models are exploed, with medium…
In this work, we propose a new class of jet substructure observables which, unlike fragmentation functions, are largely insensitive to the poorly known physics of hadronization. We show that sub-jet structures provide us with a large discriminating power between different jet quenching Monte Carlo implementations.
We compute the inclusive jet spectrum in the presence of a dense QCD medium by going beyond the single parton energy loss approximation. We show that higher-order corrections are important yielding large logarithmic contributions that must be resummed to all orders. This reflects the fact that jet quenching is sensitive to fluctuations of the jet substructure.
We study the phenomenon of jet quenching utilizing quark and gluon jet substructures as independent probes of heavy ion collisions. We exploit jet and subjet features to highlight differences between quark and gluon jets in vacuum and in a medium with the jet-quenching model implemented in JEWEL. We begin with a physics-motivated, multivariate analysis of jet substructure observables including the jet mass, the radial moments, the $p_T^D$ and the pixel multiplicity. In comparison, we employ state-of-the-art image-recognition techniques by training a deep convolutional neutral network on jet im…
Multiple interactions between parton showers and the surrounding QCD matter are expected to underlie the strong medium-modifications of jet observables in ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions at RHIC and at the LHC. Here, we note that such jet-medium interactions alter generically and characteristically the color correlations in the parton shower. We characterize these effects in a color-differential calculation of the medium-induced gluon radiation spectrum to first and second order in opacity. By interfacing simple branching histories of medium-modified color flow with the Lund hadronizat…
SUBATECH UMR 6457 (IMT Atlantique, Université de Nantes, IN2P3/CNRS)（苏巴特克联合研究实验室（大西洋高等矿业学院，南特大学，法国国家科学研究中心/国家原子能研究所））；Physics Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory（布鲁海文国家实验室物理系）
The striking suppression and modification patterns that are observed in jet observables measured in heavy-ion collisions with respect to the proton-proton baseline have the potential to constrain the spatio-temporal branching process of energetic partons in a dense QCD medium. The mechanism of jet energy loss is intricately associated with medium resolution of jet substructure fluctuations. This naturally affects the behavior of the suppression of jets at high-pT, inducing an explicit dependence on jet scales. In this contribution, we review recent work on using the insight from multi-parton q…
Jet quenching in heavy ion collisions is expected to be accompanied by recoil effects, but unambiguous signals for the induced medium response have been difficult to identify so far. Here, we argue that modern jet substructure measurements can improve this situation qualitatively since they are sensitive to the momentum distribution inside the jet. We show that the groomed subjet shared momentum fraction $z_g$, and the girth of leading and subleading subjets signal recoil effects with dependencies that are absent in a recoilless baseline. We find that recoil effects can explain most of the med…
Modification of the hard jet substructure in terms of the Soft Drop jet grooming algorithm observables is studied for three different scenarios of jet quenching in a quark-gluon plasma: i) an explicit enhancement of the parton splitting functions, ii) increased soft gluon emissions induced by an in-medium virtuality gain, and iii) energy loss due to a drag force. Despite the fact that first two scenarios both correspond to a radiative energy loss mechanism and lead to similar modifications of parton showers, they are shown to have very different impacts on the momentum balance of hard subjets.…
The jet quenching phenomenon in heavy ion collisions provides a strong evidence of the modification of parton shower in the quark-gluon plasma (QGP). Jet substructure observables can probe various aspects of the jet formation mechanism. They contain useful information about the QGP and allow us to study the medium properties in great details. Here we present theoretical calculations of jet shapes and cross sections in proton-proton and lead-lead collisions at the LHC using soft-collinear effective theory, with Glauber gluon interactions in the medium. We find that resumming large logarithms in…
The suppression of high momentum particles in heavy-ion collisions in comparison to elementary reactions is one of the main indications for the formation of a quark-gluon plasma. In recent studies, full jets are being reconstructed and substructure observables are gaining importance in assessing the medium modifications of hard probes. In this work, the effect of the late stage hadronic interactions are explored within the hadronic transport approach SMASH (Simulating Many Accelerated Strongly-interacting Hadrons). High momentum particles are incorporated in a radially expanding hadron gas to …
We review the recent developments in the theory of jet-quenching. First, we analyze the coherent vacuum cascade and incoherent medium-induced cascade separately. We then discuss the interplay between the two kinds of cascade and the resulting partial decoherence of the inner jet structure. Finally, we report on recent calculations of higher-order corrections. In particular, the dominant radiative corrections to jet observables that yield the renormalization of the jet-quenching parameter are addressed.
Mapping jet substructure in heavy-ion collisions with track functions
CERN（欧洲核子研究中心）；Brookhaven National Laboratory（布鲁海文国家实验室）；Universidad de Oviedo（奥维耶多大学）；Instituto Universitario de Ciencias y Tecnologías Espaciales de Asturias (ICTEA)（阿斯图里亚斯宇宙科学与技术大学研究所）
Measurements of jet substructure in heavy-ion collisions may provide key insight to the nature of jet quenching in the quark-gluon plasma. Jet grooming techniques from high-energy physics have been applied to heavy-ion collisions in order to isolate theoretically controlled jet observables and explore possible modification to the hard substructure of jets. However, the grooming algorithms used have not been tailored to the unique considerations of heavy-ion collisions, in particular to the experimental challenge of reconstructing jets in the presence of a large underlying event. We report a se…
Reconstructed jets initiated from heavy quarks provide a powerful tool to probe the properties of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) and to explore the mass hierarchy of jet quenching. In this article, we review the recent theoretical progresses on heavy-flavour jets in high-energy nuclear collisions at the RHIC and LHC. We focus on the yields and substructures of charm and bottom quark jets with jet quenching effect, such as the nuclear modification factors, transverse momentum imbalance, angular correlation, radial profiles, fragmentation functions, the "dead-cone" effect, etc.
We argue that contemporary jet substructure techniques might facilitate a more direct measurement of hard medium-induced gluon bremsstrahlung in heavy-ion collisions, and focus specifically on the "soft drop declustering" procedure that singles out the two leading jet substructures. Assuming coherent jet energy loss, we find an enhancement of the distribution of the energy fractions shared by the two substructures at small subjet energy caused by hard medium-induced gluon radiation. Departures from this approximation are discussed, in particular, the effects of colour decoherence and the conta…
We compute modifications to the jet spectrum in the presence of a dense medium. We show that in the large-$N_c$ approximation and at leading logarithmic accuracy the jet nuclear modification factor factorizes into a quenching factor associated to the total jet color charge and a Sudakov suppression factor which accounts for the energy loss of jet substructure fluctuations. This factor, called the jet collimator, implements the fact that subjets, that are not resolved by the medium, lose energy coherently as a single color charge, whereas resolved large angle fluctuations suffer more quenching.…
CERN（欧洲核子研究中心）；SUBATECH UMR 6457 (IMT Atlantique, Université de Nantes, IN2P3/CNRS)（南特大学大西洋高等矿业学院/法国国家科学研究中心粒子物理与核物理研究所联合实验室）；Institute for Theoretical Physics, TU Wien（维也纳工业大学理论物理研究所）；MIT Center for Theoretical Physics – a Leinweber Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理工学院莱因韦伯理论物理中心）；Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas (LIP)（粒子仪器与实验物理实验室）；Department of Physics, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU（巴斯克大学物理系）；IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science（巴斯克科学基金会）
We compute the in-medium energy loss probability distribution of two neighboring subjets at leading order, in the large-$N_c$ approximation. Our result exhibits a gradual onset of color decoherence of the system and accounts for two expected limiting cases. When the angular separation is smaller than the characteristic angle for medium-induced radiation, the two-pronged substructure lose energy coherently as a single color charge, namely that of the parent parton. At large angular separation the two subjets lose energy independently. Our result is a first step towards quantifying effects of en…
The description of the modifications of the coherence pattern in a parton shower, in the presence of a QGP, has been actively addressed in recent studies. Among the several achievements, finite energy corrections, transverse momentum broadening due to medium interactions and interference effects between successive emissions have been extensively improved as they seem to be essential features for a correct description of the results obtained in heavy-ion collisions. In this work, based on the insights of our previous work [1], we explore the physical interplay between broadening and decoherence…
Deep learning techniques have shown the capability to identify the degree of energy loss of high-energy jets traversing hot QCD medium on a jet-by-jet basis. The average amount of quenching of quark and gluon jets in hot QCD medium actually have different characteristics, such as their dependence on the in-medium traversed length and the early-developed jet substructures in the evolution. These observations motivate us to consider these two types of jets separately and classify them from jet images with deep learning techniques. We find that the classification performance gradually decreases w…
We develop a framework to simulate jet quenching in nuclear environments on a quantum computer. The formulation is based on the light-front Hamiltonian dynamics of QCD. The Hamiltonian consists of three parts relevant for jet quenching studies: kinetic, diffusion and splitting terms. In the basis made up of $n$-particle states in momentum space, the kinetic Hamiltonian is diagonal. Matrices representing the diffusion and splitting parts are sparse. The diffusion part of the Hamiltonian depends on classical background gauge fields, which need to be sampled classically before constructing quantu…
We study the impact of selection biases on jet structure and substructure observables and separate these effects from effects caused by jet quenching. We use the angular separation $ΔR$ of the hardest splitting in a jet as the primary example observable. We first conduct a simplified Monte Carlo study in which it is possible to identify the same jet after quenching in a heavy ion collision and as it would have been if it had formed in vacuum. We select a sample of jets by placing a cut on their quenched $p_T$ and, as is possible only in a Monte Carlo study, compare to the same jets unquenched,…
The jet quenching phenomenon in heavy ion collisions provides a strong evidence of the modification of parton shower in the quark-gluon plasma. This contribution focuses on the hard probes of QGP using jets and summarizes the new theoretical progress of jet substructure modification studies using effective field theory techniques. We emphasize the important role of jet substructure observables as they probe various aspects of the jet formation mechanism and allow us to study the medium properties in great details. The precise calculations require the systematic resummation and consistently inc…
New measurements of jet quenching observables at RHIC and at the LHC, such as jet substructure observables, demand an increased precision in the theory calculations describing medium-induced radiation of gluons. Closed expressions for the gluon spectrum including a full resummation of multiple scatterings have been known for the past 20 years. Still they have only been evaluated in specific limits either taking a few terms in an opacity expansion or by employing a Gaussian approximation for the interaction potential -- which misses essential physical effects. We present here a new flexible met…
Jet production and jet substructure modification in heavy-ion collisions have played an essential role in revealing the in-medium evolution of parton showers and the determination of the properties of strongly-interacting matter under extreme conditions. It is imperative to extend these studies to include flavor tagging and to devise observables that are sensitive to the partonic origin of jets. The average jet charge, defined as the momentum-weighted sum of the electric charges of particles inside the jet, is a proxy of the electric charge of the quark or gluon that initiates the jet. We demo…
We explore the ability of a recently proposed jet substructure technique, Dynamical Grooming, to pin down the properties of the Quark-Gluon Plasma formed in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions. In particular, we compute, both analytically and via Monte-Carlo simulations, the opening angle $θ_g$ of the hardest splitting in the jet as defined by Dynamical Grooming. Our calculation, grounded in perturbative QCD, accounts for the factorization in time between vacuum-like and medium-induced processes in the double logarithmic approximation. We observe that the dominating scale in the $θ_g$-dist…
We review recent theoretical developments in the study of the structure of jets that are produced in ultra relativistic heavy ion collisions. The core of the review focusses on the dynamics of the parton cascade that is induced by the interactions of a fast parton crossing a quark-gluon plasma. We recall the basic mechanisms responsible for medium induced radiation, underline the rapid disappearance of coherence effects, and the ensuing probabilistic nature of the medium induced cascade. We discuss how large radiative corrections modify the classical picture of the gluon cascade, and how these…
Ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions are a window of opportunity to study QCD matter under extreme conditions of temperature and density, such as the quark-gluon plasma. Among the several possibilities, the study of jet quenching - generic name given to in-medium energy loss modifications of the parton branching - is a powerful tool to assess the properties of this new state of matter. The description of the parton shower is very well understood in vacuum (controlled reference) and medium-induced modifications of this process can be experimentally accessed through jet measurements. Current …
Within the context of a hybrid strong/weak coupling model of jet quenching, we study the consequences of the fact that the plasma produced in a heavy ion collision cannot resolve the substructure of a collimated parton shower propagating through it with arbitrarily fine spatial resolution. We introduce a screening length parameter, $L_{\rm res}$, proportional to the inverse of the local temperature in the plasma, estimating a range for the value of the proportionality constant via comparing weakly coupled QCD calculations and holographic calculations appropriate in strongly coupled plasma. We …
Emergence of thermal recoil jets in high-energy heavy-ion collisions
Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University（山东大学前沿交叉科学研究院）；Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学近代物理系）；School of Physics, Southeast University（东南大学物理学院）；Institute of Particle Physics and Key Laboratory of Quark and Lepton Physics (MOE), Central China Normal University（华中师范大学粒子物理与夸克轻子物理教育部重点实验室）
The strong suppression of high-$p_T$ jets in heavy ion collisions is a result of elastic and inelastic energy loss suffered by the jet multi-prong collection of color charges that are resolved by medium interactions. Hence, quenching effects depend on the fluctuations of the jet substructure that are probed by the cone size dependence of the spectrum. In this letter, we present the first complete, analytic calculation of the inclusive $R$-dependent jet spectrum in PbPb collisions at LHC energies, including resummation of energy loss effects from hard, vacuum-like emissions occurring in the med…
