arXiv 2603.094742026-03-10astro-ph.SR

最大历史日珥的实证flare能量限制

Empirical flare energy limits for the largest historical sunspots

Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research（马克斯·普朗克太阳系统研究所）；University of Colorado Boulder（科罗拉多大学博尔德分校）；National Solar Observatory（国家太阳观测台）

N. A. Krivova, T. Chatzistergos, M. Kazachenko, E. Isik

备注：: Accepted for publication in Philosophical Transactions A
DOI：: 10.1098/rsta.2025.0290

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AI总结：

通过统计关系估算太阳爆发能量上限，发现太阳可能产生几10^34 erg的爆发能量。

摘要：

极端太阳粒子事件表明，太阳偶尔可以产生比现代时代观测到的爆发更为剧烈的爆发。这些事件被认为起源于强大的日冕物质抛射，通常与由复杂活跃区域中磁场重联触发的大规模日珥有关。恒星观测表明，太阳类恒星可以每世纪一次产生超过10^34 erg的超日珥，但尚不确定太阳是否能达到这样的爆发能量。我们通过现代观测中日珥-丝带面积与释放能量之间的统计关系，实证地估计太阳爆发能量的上限。通过将这些上限关系外推到自1859年以来记录到的最大日珥群——1947年4月8日的大日珥，我们发现异常大且复杂的太阳活跃区域原则上可以产生几10^34 erg的bolometric能量。

英文摘要：

Extreme solar particle events reveal that the Sun can occasionally produce eruptions significantly more energetic than those observed in the modern era. These events are thought to originate from powerful coronal mass ejections, typically associated with large solar flares triggered by magnetic field reconnection in complex active regions. Stellar observations indicate that Sun-like stars can host superflares exceeding 10^34 erg roughly once per century, yet it remains uncertain whether the Sun can reach such flare energies. We empirically estimate the upper limit of solar flare energies using statistical relations between flare - ribbon areas and released energy derived from modern observations. By extrapolating these upper-envelope relations to the largest sunspot group recorded since 1859 - the Great Sunspot of 8 April 1947 - we find that exceptionally large and complex solar active regions could, in principle, produce flares with bolometric energies of a few 10^34 erg.

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