We investigate the effects of dynamical dark energy (DDE) on the growth of cosmic structure using a two-fluid model. This framework allows the dark energy equation of state to smoothly cross the phantom divide, in agreement with recent DESI results. In this effective description, DDE supports propagating perturbations that behave like sound waves. These perturbations induce a scale dependence in the growth of matter fluctuations and in halo bias, which can be exploited to test the dynamical nature of dark energy at the level of its fluctuations. For cluster-sized halos, the amplitude of the scale-dependent halo bias is comparable to that produced by massless neutrinos in $Λ$CDM. Using a Fisher forecast for a multi-tracer analysis of the power spectrum (P) and bispectrum (B) of galaxy number counts, we find that bispectrum information is essential to detect the scale dependence induced by the DDE sound mode. For a survey of volume $V\sim 10\, h^{-3}{\rm Gpc}^3$ at redshift $z=0.5 - 1$, a two-tracer P+B analysis could detect this scale dependence if the sound speeds of the dark energy fluids are in the range $c_s^2\sim 10^{-2} - 10^{-4}$. Lower sound speeds cause halos to experience a gravitational drag force through the excitations of sound waves. This effect impacts measurements of the growth rate inferred from cluster-sized halos at the 10\% level if one of the fluids has a very low sound speed $c_s^2\sim 10^{-5}$. Larger sound speeds $c_s^2 > 10^{-2}$ could be probed with optimal weighting schemes that reduce shot noise and increase the effective bias.
Unified Dark Fluid with Constant Adiabatic Sound Speed and Cosmic Constraints
众所周知，宇宙中90%以上的能量是由未知的暗成分组成的。通常这种暗流体分为两部分：暗物质和暗能量。然而，它可能是这两种能量成分的混合物，或者只是一种奇异的未知流体。这种性质被称为暗简并。基于这一动机，本文研究了绝热声速在$[0,1]$范围内的恒定绝热声速$c_s^2=α$的统一暗流体。首先，通过能量守恒方程，给出了其能量密度$ρ_d/ρ_{d0}=(1-B_s)+B_s a^{-3(1+α)}$，其中$B_s$与能量守恒方程中的积分常数作为另一个模型参数有关。然后利用现有的宇宙观测数据集，包括Ia型超新星Union 2、重子声学振荡和WMAP 7年宇宙背景辐射数据，利用Markov Chain Monte Carlo方法，我们证明了小的$α$值在这个统一的暗流体模型中是有利的。此外，我们表明，较小的值的$α<10^{-5}$需要匹配物质（重子）的功率谱从SDSS DR 7。
The silent dark sector: a field-theory approach to unified dark fluids with vanishing speed of sound
Departamento de Física Teórica and Instituto de Física de Partículas y del Cosmos (IPARCOS-UCM), Universidad Complutense de Madrid（马德里康普顿斯大学理论物理系与粒子及宇宙物理学研究所（IPARCOS-UCM））
Gravitational waves from the sound shell model: direct and inverse phase transitions in the early Universe
Instituto de Física Teórica IFT-UAM/CSIC（理论物理研究所）；Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY（德国电子同步加速器）；Universidad Autónoma de Madrid（马德里自治大学）；Vrije Universiteit Brussel（布鲁塞尔自由大学）；Universitat de Barcelona（巴塞罗那大学）
