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arXiv 2602.17396physics.ins-det
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超快电子衍射和散射实验中直接电子探测器的前景

Prospects for Direct Electron Detectors in Ultrafast Electron Diffraction and Scattering Experiments

McGill University(麦吉尔大学);Universität Konstanz(康斯坦茨大学)

Laurenz Kremeyer, David Cai, Malik Lahlou, Sebastian Hammer, Raphael Schwenzer, Bradley J. Siwick

AI总结:

本文探讨了超快电子衍射和散射实验中直接电子探测器的潜力,分析了混合像素计数探测器在高电子流下的计数损失问题,并提出优化信号噪声比和测量不确定性的方法。

摘要:

超快电子衍射和声子衍射散射(UED(S))实验利用光诱导变化来报告分子和材料中广泛动态结构现象的电子散射强度变化。混合像素计数探测器(HPCDs)是一种有前途的技术,用于改进UED(S)实验的灵敏度和信噪比,因为它们提供了接近零的读出噪声和暗计数,并有可能通过高帧率实现新的获取模式(例如shot-to-shot归一化)。然而,HPCDs在高电子流下即使在连续波束应用中也存在计数损失。这种现象在超短电子脉冲曝光中的转化尚未确定,是理解该技术应用于超快电子散射实验的关键。本文显示,在超快(脉冲)实验中,计数损失显著加剧,HPCDs需要非常规的数据处理并在每脉冲每个像素约2个电子以上饱和。这种计数率限制对探测单晶样品的电子束流电荷提出了严峻限制。开发了用于优化UED(S)信号噪声比的归一化策略和使用HPCDs的完整测量不确定性模型,并通过大数据集进行了测试。最后,本文提出了HPCDs如何更好地适应超短脉冲束实验的建议。

英文摘要:

Ultrafast electron diffraction and phonon-diffuse scattering [UED(S)] experiments make use of photo-induced changes to electron scattering intensity across 2D detectors to report on a very wide range of dynamic structural phenomena in molecules and materials. Hybrid pixel counting detectors (HPCDs) are a promising technology for improved sensitivity and signal-to-noise in UED(S) experiments, as they offer near-zero readout noise and dark counts with the possibility of new acquisition modalities (e.g., shot-to-shot normalization) due to their high frame rates. However, it is well known that HPCDs suffer from count losses at high electron fluxes even in CW beam applications. How this translates to ultrashort electron pulse exposures has yet to be determined and is critical to understanding the application of this technology to ultrafast electron scattering experiments. Here we show that count losses are significantly exacerbated in ultrafast (pulsed) experiments and that HPCDs require unconventional data handling and saturate above $\approx\!2$ electrons per pixel per pulse. This count-rate limitation presents a severe constraint on electron bunch charge when interrogating single crystal samples. Normalization strategies to optimize signal-to-noise in UED(S) and a complete model for measurement uncertainties using HPCDs are developed and tested using a large dataset. Finally, we suggest ways HPCDs could be better adapted to ultrashort pulsed beam experiments.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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