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arXiv 2602.15099astro-ph.GAastro-ph.CO
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星团群内球状星团作为海德拉I星系团质量组装的示踪体

Intracluster globular clusters as tracers of the mass assembly of the Hydra I galaxy cluster

European Southern Observatory(欧洲南方天文台);Universitätssternwarte der Ludwig-Maximilians Universität(路德维希-马克西米利安大学大学天文台);INAF – Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte(意大利国家天体物理研究所卡波迪蒙特天文台);Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik(马克斯·普朗克地外物理学研究所);INAF – Astronomical Observatory of Abruzzo(意大利国家天体物理研究所阿布鲁佐天文台);Gran Sasso Science Institute(格兰萨索科学研究所)

Felipe S. Lohmann, Magda Arnaboldi, Michael Hilker, Andreas Burkert, Marilena Spavone, Ortwin Gerhard, Marina Rejkuba, Marco Mirabile, Michele Cantiello, Enrichetta Iodice

AI总结:

研究利用VLT/FORS成像分析海德拉I星系团内的球状星团分布,发现红光星团集中在核心大星系周围,而蓝光星团分布更广且与X射线气体次峰吻合,揭示了星系团质量组装的结构特征。

摘要:

在星系团中,分层组装预测了恒星次结构和星系团内光(ICL)的形成,这是一种弥漫的恒星成分,追踪整个星系团的潜在。由于这些特征非常微弱,替代示踪体如球状星团(GCs)成为研究星系团组装的强大工具。我们利用深VLT/FORS V-和I-波段成像来研究邻近海德拉I星系团(约45.7 Mpc)的GC人口。GC候选者从VI颜色-光度图中选择,并分为蓝色和红色子群体。我们发现明显的空间二元性:红色GC集中在大质量核心星系NGC 3311和NGC 3309周围,而蓝色GC更广泛且偏离中心,与X射线发射气体的次峰吻合。在中心区域,GC空间分布进一步取决于恒星群体属性:年轻金属丰富的GC更广泛,可能与Ram压力剥离有关,而旧金属贫乏的GC更集中在中心,可能起源于被破坏的矮星系。将GC数量密度分布与NGC 3311的表面亮度分布比较,发现红色GC紧密跟随星系光,而蓝色群体显著偏离并追踪星系团的全球引力势。这在蓝色GC的特定频率上也得到反映,即在ICL主导的外围地区,其特定频率大约是核心区域的5倍。最后,我们提出了一种新的方法,利用GC特定频率和颜色分布来约束星系团恒星亮度函数的演变,得出过去淡色端斜率α=-1.81±0.16,与现在α=-1.41±0.08±0.05一致,符合高红移观测和宇宙学模拟。

英文摘要:

In galaxy clusters, hierarchical assembly predicts the formation of stellar substructures and intracluster light (ICL), a diffuse stellar component tracing the global cluster potential. Because these features are extremely faint, alternative tracers such as globular clusters (GCs) provide a powerful tool to study cluster assembly. We use deep VLT/FORS $V$- and $I$-band imaging to investigate the GC population in the nearby Hydra I galaxy cluster ($\sim 45.7$ Mpc). GC candidates were selected from the $VI$ colour-magnitude diagram and divided into blue and red subpopulations. We find a clear spatial dichotomy: red GCs are concentrated around the massive central galaxies NGC 3311 and NGC 3309, while blue GCs are more extended and offset from the centre, coinciding with a secondary peak of X-ray-emitting gas. In the central regions, GC spatial distributions further depend on stellar population properties: young metal-rich GCs are more extended and may be linked to ram-pressure stripping, whereas old metal-poor GCs are more centrally concentrated, possibly originating from disrupted dwarf galaxies. Comparing the GC number density profiles to the surface brightness profile of NGC 3311, we find that the red GCs closely follow the galaxy light, while the blue population significantly deviates from it and traces the global gravitational potential of the cluster. This is also reflected in the specific frequency of blue GCs, which is approximately $\sim 5\times$ higher in the ICL-dominated outskirts than in the inner regions dominated by red GCs. Finally, we present a novel method to constrain the evolution of the galaxy luminosity function of the cluster using GC specific frequencies and colour distributions, yielding a past faint-end slope of $α=-1.81^{+0.16}_{-0.16}$ compared to $α=-1.41^{+0.08}_{-0.05}$ today, consistent with high-redshift observations and cosmological simulations.

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