arXiv 2602.148662026-02hep-phastro-ph.HE

从最小暗U(1)领域中获得的 gauge 不依赖的引力波

Gauge-independent gravitational waves from a minimal dark $U(1)$ sector with viable dark matter candidates

Wan-Zhe Feng, Zi-Hui Zhang

备注：: 57 pages, 7 figures

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AI总结：

研究通过构建 gauge 不依赖的有效作用，探索最小暗领域中的相变动力学及引力波预测，提供暗物质候选者的基准目标。

摘要：

对由一阶相变产生的随机引力波背景的搜索为隐藏领域提供了有力探测，但 gauge 理论中的定量预测受有限温有效势和相关隧道作用的 gauge 依赖性阻碍。我们研究了一个包含暗Higgs和暗光子的最小 gauge 了U(1)暗领域，可选地补充了矢量样的暗费米子，并通过Higgs通货或动能混合与标准模型耦合。利用尼尔森恒等式和受控导数展开与功率计数，我们构建了在高温和低温极限下的 gauge 不依赖有效作用，使模型内在的核化动力学和稳健的引力波预测成为可能。我们分别在两种极限下进行了专门的蒙特卡罗扫描，并将可行的微观参数映射到探测器面向的峰值频率和振幅，覆盖了脉冲星定时阵列和计划中的空间干涉仪相关的频段。在我们的扫描中，超冷相变通常产生更强的信号，并更可能落在当前和未来引力波探测器的灵敏度范围内，而参数上高温相变通常产生较弱的信号。我们进一步将相变现象与同一最小场内容中的可行暗物质候选者联系起来，为暗光子暗物质和暗费米子暗物质提供基准目标，并强调其与引力波观测的互补性。总体而言，我们的结果提供了一个从最小隐藏领域拉格朗日量到引力波谱和宇宙学可行暗物质基准的端到端、gauge 不依赖的流程，产生了迄今为止对最小 gauge 了U(1)暗领域的最可靠和具体的预测。

英文摘要：

Searches for stochastic gravitational wave backgrounds generated by first-order phase transitions offer a powerful probe of hidden sectors, but quantitative predictions in gauge theories are obstructed by the gauge dependence of the finite-temperature effective potential and the associated tunneling action. We study a minimal gauged $U(1)$ dark sector containing a dark Higgs and a dark photon, optionally supplemented by a vectorlike dark fermion, coupled to the Standard Model through the Higgs portal or kinetic mixing. Using the Nielsen identity together with a controlled derivative expansion and power counting, we construct a gauge-independent effective action in the high- and low-temperature limits, enabling model-intrinsic nucleation dynamics and robust gravitational wave predictions. We perform dedicated Monte Carlo scans in both limits and map viable microscopic parameters to detector-facing peak frequencies and amplitudes, spanning bands relevant to pulsar timing arrays and planned space-based interferometers. In our scans, supercooled phase transitions typically produce much stronger signals and are more likely to fall within the sensitivity range of current and future gravitational wave detectors, whereas parametrically high-temperature phase transitions generally yield weaker signals. We further connect the phase transition phenomenology to viable dark matter candidates within the same minimal field content, providing benchmark targets for dark photon dark matter and dark fermion dark matter, and highlighting their complementarity with gravitational wave observables. Overall, our results provide an end-to-end, gauge-independent pipeline from a minimal hidden sector Lagrangian to gravitational wave spectra and cosmologically viable dark matter benchmarks, yielding the most reliable and concrete predictions to date for a minimal gauged $U(1)$ dark sector.

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