一个hereditary图类被称为多项式 χ 有界,如果存在一个多项式函数 f,使得对于每个诱导子图 G,χ(G) ≤ f(ω(G))。一个类 C 被称为Pollyanna,如果对于每个 χ 有界类 F,类 C ∩ F 是多项式 χ 有界。在Chudnovsky等人于2026年发表的论文《Reuniting χ-boundedness with polynomial χ-boundedness》中,作者提出了十二个问题和一个猜想,涉及Pollyanna框架。在本文中,我们通过研究由禁止诱导子图定义的hereditary图类的色数来探讨这些问题。我们证明了三个新的强Pollyanna结果。特别是,对于每个 t ≥ 2,每个 {diamond, hammer(t)^+} 自由图是 t-强Pollyanna。我们还显示,禁止合适组合的bowties和dumbbells获得的图类是(2t-2)-强Pollyanna。我们证明了 { (2,2)-bowtie, P_5, (3,3)-dumbbell } 自由图类是多项式 χ 有界。我们还证明了在每条边至少在两个三角形中,且禁止额外配置的diamond-free图是多项式 χ 有界。
英文摘要:
A hereditary graph class is called polynomially $χ$-bounded if there exists a polynomial function $f$ such that $χ(G) \le f(ω(G))$ for every induced subgraph $G$. A class $\mathcal{C}$ is called Pollyanna if, for every $χ$-bounded class $\mathcal{F}$, the class $\mathcal{C} \cap \mathcal{F}$ is polynomially $χ$-bounded.
In the paper by Chudnovsky et al., \emph{Reuniting $χ$-boundedness with polynomial $χ$-boundedness} (J.\ Combin.\ Theory Ser.\ B 176 (2026), 30--73), the authors posed twelve problems and one conjecture concerning the Pollyanna framework. In this work, we investigate several of these problems by studying the chromatic number of hereditary graph classes defined by forbidden induced subgraphs.
We prove three new strong Pollyanna results. In particular, for every $t \ge 2$, every $\{\text{diamond}, \mathrm{hammer}(t)^+\}$-free graph is $t$-strongly Pollyanna. We also show that graph classes obtained by forbidding suitable combinations of bowties and dumbbells are $(2t-2)$-strongly Pollyanna.
We show that the class of $\{(2,2)$-bowtie, $P_5$, $(3,3)$-dumbbell$\}$-free graphs is polynomially $χ$-bounded. We also prove polynomial $χ$-boundedness for diamond-free graphs in which every edge lies in at least two triangles, under additional forbidden configurations.
A non-hereditary Pollyanna class that is not strongly Pollyanna
School of Mathematics and Statistics, Gansu Center for Applied Mathematics, Lanzhou University(兰州大学数学与统计学院);School of Mathematics and Statistics, Minnan Normal University(闽南师范大学数学与统计学院)
连通图$G$的主比,$γ(G)$,是$G$的邻接矩阵的主特征向量的最大和最小坐标之间的比率。在$n$顶点上的所有连通图上,$γ(G)$的范围从$1$到$n^{cn}$。此外,$γ(G)=1$当且仅当$G$是正则的。这表明$γ(G)$可被视为$G$的不规则性度量,如Tait和Tobin(E1. J. Lin. Alg. 2018年)。我们感兴趣的是这个措施有多稳定。特别是,我们问$γ$的变化时,有一个小的修改,定期图$G$。我们表明,这个比率是多项式有界的,如果我们删除属于一个周期的长度有界的$G$的边缘,而比率可以从$1$跳到指数,如果我们加入一对顶点的距离$2$。研究正则图的谱隙与其主比稳定性之间的关系。一个朴素的界表明,给定一个常数的乘法谱间隙和有界的程度,该比率保持多项式有界,如果我们添加或删除一个边缘。使用矩阵扰动理论的结果,我们表明,给定一个添加剂的光谱间隙大于$(2+ε)\sqrt{n}$,比例保持有界后,添加或删除一个边缘。
University of Liverpool(利物浦大学);The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Computer Science(捷克科学院计算机研究所);Charles University, Computer Science Institute(查理大学计算机研究所)
DIENS, École normale supérieure, CNRS, PSL University(法国高等师范学院);University of Waterloo, Department of Combinatorics and Optimization(滑铁卢大学);Institute of Informatics, University of Warsaw(华沙大学信息学研究所);Université de Montpellier, CNRS, LIRMM(蒙彼利埃大学);University of Manitoba, Department of Mathematics(曼尼托巴大学)