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arXiv 2602.09217astro-ph.GA
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从活动星系核盘中的中间质量黑洞产生的引力波背景

A Gravitational Wave Background from Intermediate Mass Black Holes in AGN Disks

Yale University(耶鲁大学)

Chiara M. F. Mingarelli

AI总结:

研究通过AGN盘中的中间质量黑洞产生引力波背景,利用非群体导向能量学方法推导背景振幅,为SMBH质量增长提供直接约束。

摘要:

中间质量黑洞(IMBH)在活动星系核(AGN)盘中形成后,预计会向其中央超大质量黑洞(SMBH) inspiral,从而在mHz到十赫兹频段产生随机引力波(GW)背景。通过非群体导向的能量学方法,我们将AGN-盘通道视为连接由LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA(LVK)观测到的恒星级黑洞种群与SMBH质量库之间的质量流管道。通过将此估计锚定在LVK合并率密度和从缩放关系导出的宇宙SMBH质量密度上,我们推导出背景幅度的限制。我们证明背景的总能量密度受SMBH增长的全球质量预算所限制。对于与第四次引力波暂态目录(GWTC-4)一致的参数,这会产生一个特征振幅$A_{\rm IMR} \simeq (1.2_{-0.2}^{+0.2})\times 10^{-21}$在$3\,{\rm mHz}$处。尽管这个拟合振幅在银河系白矮星前景和恒星级极端质量比进动(EMRI)背景之下,但我们证明它可以通过其非高斯统计和更高的频率截止来区分。这个新的背景可能在十赫兹频段被检测到,其中如大爆炸观察者或长基线月球干涉仪等计划探测器可以清晰地测量它。一次检测将提供一个直接且模型无关的约束,以确定AGN盘将恒星残骸转化为SMBH质量增长的效率,将LVK和LISA频段联系起来。

英文摘要:

Intermediate mass black holes (IMBHs) formed in active galactic nucleus (AGN) disks are expected to inspiral into their central supermassive black holes (SMBHs), generating a stochastic gravitational-wave (GW) background in the mHz--decihertz band. Using the population-agnostic energetic formalism, we treat the AGN-disk channel as a mass-flow pipeline connecting the stellar-mass black hole population observed by LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA (LVK) to the SMBH mass reservoir via IMBHs. By anchoring this estimate to the LVK merger rate densities and the cosmic SMBH mass density derived from scaling relations, we derive a limit on the background amplitude. We show that the total energy density of the background is bounded by the global mass budget of SMBH growth. For fiducial parameters consistent with the fourth Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog (GWTC-4), this yields a characteristic strain $A_{\rm IMR} \simeq (1.2_{-0.2}^{+0.2})\times 10^{-21}$ at $3\,{\rm mHz}$. While this fiducial amplitude is subdominant to the Galactic white dwarf foreground and the stellar-mass Extreme Mass Ratio Inspiral (EMRI) background, we show it can be distinguished by its non-Gaussian statistics and higher frequency cutoff. This new background may be detectable in the decihertz band where proposed detectors such as the Big Bang Observer or long-baseline lunar interferometers can measure it cleanly. A detection would provide a direct, model-independent constraint on the efficiency with which AGN disks process stellar remnants into SMBH mass growth, linking the LVK and LISA bands.

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